Adapting and Usability Testing of an eLearning Resource to Enhance Healthcare Professional Provision of Sexual Support Across Cancer Care

Objectives: To adapt the theory-driven and positively evaluated Maximising Sexual Wellbeing| Prostate Cancer (MSW|PC) eLearning resource to an eLearning resource suitable for health professionals (HPs) working with mixed cancer populations; followed by usability and acceptability testing. Methods: Guided by Person-Based Approach (PBA) and Biopsychosocial Model, the MSW|PC was adapted by combining evidence from the literature, an expert group (n=27: patients, partners and HPs working in cancer care) and the research team. New content was developed relevant for a mixed cancer population. The Maximising Sexual Wellbeing| Cancer Care (MSW|CC) eLearning prototype was usability tested and modified with HPs using ‘think aloud’ interviews (n=18). Results: Many identified sexual challenges were common across cancer populations, with additional information required for breast, colorectal, gynaecological, head and neck and prostate cancers. During the testing phase, navigational difficulties were identified and resolved. HPs reported the MSW|CC as engaging, informative, relevant with helpful communication and signposting tools to support practice.Conclusion: This systematic and iterative PBA, yielded important insights to enhance the content and usability of MSW|CC. This novel resource provides HPs working across cancer care with tools to potentially address the gap in knowledge and skills and positively impact future sexual healthcare provision across cancer care.

A practical conservation tool to combine diverse types of evidence for transparent evidence-based decision-making

Making the reasoning and evidence behind conservation decisions clear and transparent is a key challenge for the conservation community. Similarly, combining evidence from diverse sources (e.g., scientific vs non-scientific information) into decision-making is also difficult. Our group of conservation researchers and practitioners has co-produced an intuitive tool and template (Evidence-to-Decision (E2D) tool: www.evidence2decisiontool.com) to guide practitioners through a structured process to transparently document and report the evidence and reasoning behind decisions. The tool has three major steps: 1. Define the Decision Context; 2. Gather Evidence; and 3. Make an Evidence-Based Decision. In each step, practitioners enter information (e.g., from the scientific literature, practitioner knowledge and experience, and costs) to inform their decision-making and document their reasoning. The tool packages this information into a customised downloadable report (or is documented if using the offline template), which we hope can stimulate the exchange of information on decisions within and between organisations. By enabling practitioners to revisit how and why past decisions were made, and integrate diverse forms of evidence, we believe our open-access tool’s template can help increase the transparency and quality of decision-making in conservation.

Enhancing critical thinking and media literacy in the context of IVET: a systematic scoping review

Purpose The alignment between the labour market and initial vocational education and training (IVET) is placing always more importance on technical knowledge and skills, whilst metacognitive competences such as critical thinking and media literacy are increasingly neglected. In the context of IVET, this results in authors and practitioners paying always more attention to how to devise possible training interventions, with the double aim of implementing their educational pathways and enhancing students’ critical thinking and media literacy. This paper aims to report the state of the art concerning such processes of enhancement in IVET students. Design/methodology/approach The study adopted the method of systematic scoping review to address the research questions on how to enhance critical thinking and media literacy in the context of IVET. Findings The paper presents the analyses of the n = 19 contributions collected. Then, it proposes an initial conceptualization of the dimensions of critical thinking and media literacy. Moreover, by combining evidence from various contributions, the review proposes implications for educational practices and strategies. Around these pieces of knowledge, further avenues of research and practice are proposed. Research limitations/implications This study contributes to the literature on critical thinking and media literacy in the context of IVET by advancing initial comprehensive conceptualizations of the two dimensions. Moreover, the study advances initial practical implications for teachers and trainers for the development of training interventions. Originality/value The originality of the present review rests in its proposal of definitions of critical thinking and media literacy; moreover, it widens the discussion of practices on how to enhance such metacognitive competences. Indeed, the study identifies the teaching and training practices meant to enhance critical thinking and media literacy and proposes applied implications in the context of IVET.

Toward a Theory of Prolific Liars: Building a Profile of Situational, Dispositional, and Communication Characteristics

Who are prolific liars and what are their defining characteristics? Prior work suggests prolific liars tend to be younger and self-identify as male compared to everyday liars, but little research has developed a theory of prolific liars beyond demographic data. Study 1 (N = 775) replicated the prior demographic effects and assessed prolific liars through their situational (e.g., cheating), dispositional (e.g., Dark Triad traits), and communication characteristics (e.g., language traces, interpersonal perceptions of dishonesty). Prolific lying associated with more cheating, the use of fewer adjectives, and being high on psychopathy compared to everyday lying. Study 2 (N = 1,022) largely replicated these results and observed a deception consensus effect reported in other studies: the more that people deceived, the more they believe others deceived. This piece concludes with a theoretical explication of prolific white and big liars, combining evidence that identifies them through situational, dispositional, and communication characteristics.

The Benefit of Dysphagia Screening in Adult Patients With Stroke: A Meta‐Analysis

Background Early identification of dysphagia aims to mitigate the risk of health consequences in adults poststroke; however, the evidence from experimental trials alone is inconclusive. This meta‐analysis assessed dysphagia screening benefit from both trial and observational data. Methods and Results Seven electronic databases were searched to December 2019. Unique abstracts and full articles were screened for eligibility by 2 independent blinded raters using a priori criteria and discrepancies resolved by consensus. Included studies were summarized descriptively and assessed for methodological quality using Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Across studies, pooled estimates of health benefit were derived for homogeneous data using Review Manger 5.3. From the yield of 8860 citations, 30 unique articles were selected: 24 observational and 6 randomized trials. Across studies, comparisons varied: no screening versus screening, late versus earlier screening, informal versus formal screening, pre‐ versus postscreening, and pre‐ versus poststroke guidelines that included screening. Pooled estimates across comparisons favored experimental groups for pneumonia odds ratio (OR), 0.57 (95% CI, 0.45–0.72), mortality OR, 0.52 (95% CI, 0.35–0.77), dependency OR, 0.54 (95% CI, 0.35–0.85), and length of stay standardized mean difference, −0.62 (95% CI, −1.05 to −0.20). Conclusions Combining evidence from experimental and observational studies derived a significant protective health benefit of dysphagia screening following adult acute stroke for pneumonia, mortality, dependency, and length of stay.

Precision and imprecision in the predictive brain

Bayesian brain theories suggest we make sense of the world by combining evidence and expectations according to their reliability or ‘precision’. However, recent models propose that beliefs about precision can become divorced from objective reality, and it is unclear how this occurs. Here we explain why ‘high level’ beliefs about precision may often be inaccurate.

دفع التعارض بني النصوص: حديثا تصرف املرأة ف مال زوجها و خيار اجمللس، منوذجا

This research aims to clarify a recent concept of the majlis’s choice, and the woman’s disposition of her husband’s money without his permission, and they are: on the authority of the Prophet r, He said: “The two sales are by choice unless they are separated. On the authority of the Prophet Muhammad, he said: “If a woman spends from her husband’s earnings, other than his command, then he will have half his wages.” There is no doubt that the two hadiths appear to be problematic, so the study came to raise the problems mentioned about them, and to explain the scholars' approach to solving them, and the importance of this research is evident in knowing that the texts of the two revelations do not have a real contradiction in them, rather the contradiction is apparent, that is, by the beholder and the researcher, and so The texts of the two revelations are valid for every time and place, and they should not be discarded out of confusion. The scholars have explained the problems mentioned in the texts of the two revelations, and they have shown ways to counteract these problems and combine the texts of the two revelations. The researcher has followed the scientific methods in the research with the analytical method: by explaining and analyzing the hadiths contained in the research, with an explanation of the problems contained in them, and the critical approach: After analyzing and editing the texts, the researcher criticizes the problems that fall between the texts of the Sunnah in support of the words of the scholars. Among the findings of the researcher is that forms may occur between legal texts that he thinks are in conflict, or between text and consensus, analogy, history, or reason. And that combining evidence is more important than weighting, because it does not waste evidence. This is what the scholars have decided and followed in the research, provided that the gathering is not arbitrary and arrogant .

Data-Driven Surveillance: Effective Collection, Integration, and Interpretation of Data to Support Decision Making

The biggest change brought about by the “era of big data” to health in general, and epidemiology in particular, relates arguably not to the volume of data encountered, but to its variety. An increasing number of new data sources, including many not originally collected for health purposes, are now being used for epidemiological inference and contextualization. Combining evidence from multiple data sources presents significant challenges, but discussions around this subject often confuse issues of data access and privacy, with the actual technical challenges of data integration and interoperability. We review some of the opportunities for connecting data, generating information, and supporting decision-making across the increasingly complex “variety” dimension of data in population health, to enable data-driven surveillance to go beyond simple signal detection and support an expanded set of surveillance goals.