STATE LAND BANK: HISTORY OF CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE AND THE WORLD

The article presents retrospective analysis of the creation and development of the State Land Bank in Ukraine. It is substantiated that for the effective functioning of the land market, among other components, the functioning of proper infrastructure and system of state control is necessary, when the State Land Bank or other specialized state institution plays an important role and performs the functions of the market regulator and land manager. Study of the peculiarities of the functioning of mortgage lending systems at foreign countries and the possibility of applying foreign experience for the development of mortgage relations in agriculture of Ukraine are conducted. The perfect infrastructure of the mortgage and credit market ensures high efficiency of mortgage relations. It is identified that important elements of the infrastructure of the mortgage market in many countries are: land cadastre and centralized credit bureau with access of banks to their information in real time, centralized real estate database; stock exchanges, clearing centers and the clearing system of the central bank, specialized banks and structures (corporations, funds, management), state trust guarantee funds. In today's conditions, when Ukrainian agricultural producers use land on lease, the expediency of creating the appropriate state institutions, including the establishment of the State Land (Mortgage) Bank, is growing. Its functioning will promote to: the development of mortgages on agricultural land; improve the conditions of medium- and long-term lending secured by land to meet the needs of agricultural producers and the population living in rural areas; expand the possibilities of agricultural production; provide regulation of the pricing process for land plots; ensure the effective operation of the land redistribution mechanism; will help attract investment in agriculture and additional investments in land to maintain its fertility, etc.

Analysis Of The Dynamics Of Cashless Payments In Kazakhstan In The Context Of The Covid-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the development of FinTech and the transition to cashless payments of the population of various countries, including Kazakhstan. For provision of cashless payments there are created platforms which work in NFC & MFS systems, they protected by security protocols (Secure Element (SE)) and allow to store confidential user data. Changes in the business model of banks have led to the emergence of a new format of banking products and services that can be used through smartphones (the main operating systems Android and iOS). The goal of the study is to analyze the dynamics of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use of cashless payments through national payment systems in Kazakhstan. Based on the goal, a null and an alternative hypothesis were set, of which the second was confirmed in the result. Research methods used to write this article are economic and statistical analysis and synthesis, graphical method, analysis of the series of dynamics. The data for the study was taken from the NBK Statistical Bulletin: data on cashless payments through the Interbank System of Money Transfer (ISMT) and the Interbank Clearing System (ICS) for the period from 2002 to 2020. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the dynamics of the transformation of cashless payments made by using financial technologies has been proved. Recommendations for further improvement of the financial system are given. The development of national payment systems makes it possible to reduce the level of fraud in the financial sector, to increase the speed of cashless transfers and level out transaction errors. Study limitation: only national payment systems ISMT and ICS were used.

KEMAJUAN TEKNOLOGI DAN KECEPATAN PERPUTARAN UANG: STUDI KASUS INDONESIA

Technological developments and financial innovations, especially in the payment system, have encouraged banks around the world to carry out a number of innovations that have resulted in a new paperless based financial system. The finding that the payment system innovation affects the circulation of money and the stability of the monetary condition of a country, makes this risk possible in Indonesia. By using the error correction model, this study can provide information on the short run dynamic relationship and the impact of payment system innovation represented by non cash payment instruments such as credit cards, debit cards, e-money and payment transaction settlement processes (national clearing system and real time gross settlement) on the velocity of money in Indonesia in the period 2016M1 to 2020M6. The results of the research findings state that the impact generated by the rapid velocity of payment system innovation on the velocity of money circulation is not temporary, this is evidenced by the effect of payment system innovation on the velocity of money circulation which continues over a long period of time.

Control of synaptic vesicle release probability via VAMP4 targeting to endolysosomes

Synaptic vesicle (SV) release probability (Pr), determines the steady state and plastic control of neurotransmitter release. However, how diversity in SV composition arises and regulates the Pr of individual SVs is not understood. We found that modulation of the copy number of the noncanonical vesicular SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor attachment protein receptor), vesicle-associated membrane protein 4 (VAMP4), on SVs is key for regulating Pr. Mechanistically, this is underpinned by its reduced ability to form an efficient SNARE complex with canonical plasma membrane SNAREs. VAMP4 has unusually high synaptic turnover and is selectively sorted to endolysosomes during activity-dependent bulk endocytosis. Disruption of endolysosomal trafficking and function markedly increased the abundance of VAMP4 in the SV pool and inhibited SV fusion. Together, our results unravel a new mechanism for generating SV heterogeneity and control of Pr through coupling of SV recycling to a major clearing system that regulates protein homeostasis.

Return to Belgium

In 1977, Robert Triffin decided to return to Belgium. He put forward two reasons: the invitation for a visiting professorship at the University of Louvain and, “most of all,” the opportunity to be involved, as an adviser at the European Commission, in the process of European monetary union. Triffin’s return to Belgium coincided closely with the advent of Roy Jenkins as European Commission president, who consulted Triffin regarding his monetary integration plans. Triffin was enthusiastic about the European Monetary System (EMS), which was established in 1979. With the support of the European Commission, especially Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa, he organized four international conferences on different aspects of its functioning. During the 1980s, Triffin promoted the development of the private European Currency Unit (ECU) market, especially the establishment of an ECU clearing system.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PAYMENT SYSTEM OF KAZAKHSTAN IN THE CONTEXT OF FINANCIAL GLOBALIZATION

В статье отмечается, что на сегодняшний день в условиях глобальных компьютерных телекоммуникационных сетей и технологий развитие платежной системы имеет ключевое значение для обеспечения стабильности финансовой системы страны, эффективного обслуживания и доверия населения к новым продуктам. Авторами статьи рассмотрены вопросы развития технологии электронного банковского обслуживания, в условиях конкурентной борьбы требующие от банков оперативной, безопасной и удобной системы в возможности самообслуживания клиентов из дома, офиса или мультимедийного киоска, эффективного мониторинга в повышении качества обслуживания клиентов. В статье указано, что при стремительном росте безналичных операций важной проблемой остается необходимость реализации программы развития национальной платежной системы Казахстана (НСП). Авторами проведен анализ основных индикаторов платежного рынка, показаны количество функционирующих платежных систем в Казахстане и его участники. Определены количество и суммы транзакций, проведенных через Межбанковскую систему переводов денег (МСПД) и Систему межбанковского клиринга (СМК), денежные переводы из РК за рубеж за последние годы. В статье авторами предложены рекомендации развития платежной системы: реализация программы развития национальной платежной системы Казахстана (НПС), необходимость разработки национального стандарта работы системы, сертификация всех банкоматов и POS-терминалов, криптографическая защита каналов связи, внедрение инноваций, включая бесконтактные платежи с применением банковских карт и технологии NFC, развития интернет-торговли. The article notes that today, in the context of global computer telecommunications networks and technologies, the development of the payment system is of key importance for ensuring the stability of the country's financial system, effective service and public confidence in new products. The authors of the article consider the development of e-banking technology, which in a competitive environment requires banks to have an operational, safe and convenient system for self-service of customers from home, office or multimedia kiosk, effective monitoring in improving the quality of customer service. The article indicates that with the rapid growth of non-cash transactions, an important problem remains in the need to implement the program for the development of the national payment system of Kazakhstan (NPS). The authors analyzed the main indicators of the payment market, showed the number of functioning payment systems in Kazakhstan and its participants. The number and amounts of transactions conducted through the Interbank money transfer system (IMTS) and the interbank clearing system (ICS), money transfers from Kazakhstan abroad in recent years are determined. In the article, the authors offer recommendations for the development of the payment system: implementation of the program for the development of the national payment system of Kazakhstan (NPS), the need to develop a national standard for the system, certification of all ATMs and POS terminals, cryptographic protection of communication channels, introduction of innovations, including contactless payments using Bank cards and NFC technology, development of Internet Commerce.

ANALYTICAL RESULTS ON THE SERVICE PERFORMANCE OF STOCHASTIC CLEARING SYSTEMS

Stochastic clearing theory has wide-spread applications in the context of supply chain and service operations management. Historical application domains include bulk service queues, inventory control, and transportation planning (e.g., vehicle dispatching and shipment consolidation). In this paper, motivated by a fundamental application in shipment consolidation, we revisit the notion of service performance for stochastic clearing system operation. More specifically, our goal is to evaluate and compare service performance of alternative operational policies for clearing decisions, as quantified by a measure of timely service referred to as Average Order Delay ( $AOD$ ). All stochastic clearing systems are subject to service delay due to the inherent clearing practice, and $\textrm {AOD}$ can be thought of as a benchmark for evaluating timely service. Although stochastic clearing theory has a long history, the existing literature on the analysis of $\textrm {AOD}$ as a service measure has several limitations. Hence, we extend the previous analysis by proposing a more general method for a generic analytical derivation of $\textrm {AOD}$ for any renewal-type clearing policy, including but not limited to alternative shipment consolidation policies in the previous literature. Our proposed method utilizes a new martingale point of view and lends itself for a generic analytical characterization of $\textrm {AOD}$ , leading to a complete comparative analysis of alternative renewal-type clearing policies. Hence, we also close the gaps in the literature on shipment consolidation via a complete set of analytically provable results regarding $\textrm {AOD}$ which were only illustrated through numerical tests previously.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF QUALITY INDICATORS OF THE TRANSPORT CLEANING SYSTEM

The efficiency of the technological process of cleaning root crops from impurities is ensured by developing, justifying the parameters and application of advanced cleaning systems of the heap of root crops. The description of a design and the principle of work of transport and clearing system of a heap of root crops is resulted. According to the results of field planned factorial experiments, regression equations were obtained, which characterize the change of components of the heap of root crops depending on the structural and kinematic parameters of the transport and cleaning system and the operating conditions of the root harvesting machine. The results of the study are the prerequisites for the development of methodology and methods for optimizing the parameters of treatment systems of root harvesting machines.Kеу wоrds: loading conveyor, cleaning slide, auger system, roots, general impurities, damage to roots.

Design and Test of Combined Air Suction Cotton Breed Seeder

In view of such a phenomenon that nowadays cotton breeding and seeding mainly depend on artificial planting in China, a kind of combined air suction cotton breed seeder was designed, which is mainly composed of combined air suction seed metering device, three-way switch device, waste seed recovery device, vacuum fan, and so on. It can sow two rows at a time, and the line spacing, plant spacing, and sowing depth can be continuously adjusted to achieve precise sowing. The model of “suck before and blow after” is adopted in seed clearing, which makes seed clearing both clean and rapid. The force, speed, and acceleration of cotton seed are theoretically analyzed when the seed metering device is filled with seeds and then determines the main structural parameters and motion parameters of the device. This paper takes Lumianyan No. 37 as the research object, adopts the single-factor test and the quadratic regression rotation orthogonal test, selects the forward speed, air pressure, and groove plate width of the air suction cup as the experimental factors, and conducts an experiment of the seeder’s performance, by analyzing the influence law of the seeder’s velocity on its seeding variation coefficient. This paper concludes that the coefficient of variation is small when the velocity is 1.2–1.5 m/s and finds the optimal range of unit velocity when sowing and finally builds the mathematical models including multiples index and missing index. After parameter optimization, this paper makes the optimal parameters for sure; that is, the seeder’s velocity ranges from 1.3 to 1.5 m/s, wind pressure ranges from 2.5 to 2.8 kPa, and the width of the air suction groove ranges from 2.6 to 2.8 mm. At this time, the multiples index and missing index of the combined air suction cotton breed seeder are less than 3%, whose sum total is less than 5%. In the field test, the seed clearing performance of the seed clearing system is tested, and the seed clearing rate has reached 100%, meeting the seeding requirements in cotton tablets.

BANK CUSTOMER PROTECTION BASED ON HIGH-LEVEL PRINCIPLE ASPECT ON FINANCIAL CONSUMER PROTECTION (G20 PARIS 2011)

This writing discusses the protection of customers who experience delays and errors in electronic funds transfers caused by damage or interference from the bank. In this case, the bank experiences an inability to provide data access (availability of data) which should have been accessed by the customer for 24 hours. In providing access to customer protection data, it covers two aspects that must be considered, namely if the failure of the transfer occurs when the customer has not made an acceptance of the transfer (experiencing non-availability of data), then the customer has the right to complain to the bank. But if the transfer failure occurs when the customer has made an acceptance caused by natural disasters, danger, riots, armed conflicts, and/or other emergencies determined by the government that occurs in the area or location of the Original Sending Operator that is carrying out fund transfer orders, damage to electronic or non-electronic infrastructure systems that directly affect the implementation of Fund Transfer Orders that cannot be controlled by the Originator, the failure of the clearing system or the Fund Transfer System. Then the original sender is responsible to the original sender.