Age and Gender Impact on Password Hygiene

Password hygiene plays an essential part in securing systems protected with single-factor authentication. A significant fraction of security incidents happen due to weak or reused passwords. The reasons behind differences in security vulnerable behaviour between various user groups remains an active research topic. The paper aims to identify the impact of age and gender on password strength using a large password dataset. We recovered previously hashed passwords of 102,120 users from a leaked customer database of a car-sharing company. Although the measured effect size was small, males significantly had stronger passwords than females for all age groups. Males aged 26–45 were also significantly different from all other groups, and password complexity decreased with age for both genders equally. Overall, very weak password hygiene was observed, 72% of users based their password on a word or used a simple sequence of digits, and passwords of over 39% of users were found in word lists of previous leaks.

Digitalization and Information Management Mechanism of Sports Events Based on Multisensor Node Cooperative Perception Model

In the process of developing major sports events, how to guide providers and users to provide and utilize the archives information resources of major sports events and realize the interaction between them is an important problem to be solved urgently in the development of major sports events and the archive service of major sports events. By analyzing the present situation of archive service of major sports events, especially the analysis of the opposite dependent subjects of service providers and users, we can see that the continuous development of archive services for major sports events will inevitably lead to constant changes in user groups and user needs, guided by the theory of information retrieval, knowledge management, and media effect. According to the service model of archive service of major sports events, the archive service model of specific sports events is constructed. In this paper, four kinds of event recommendation models are applied to the collected marathon event data for experiments. Through experimental comparison, the effectiveness of content-based recommendation algorithm technology in the event network data set is verified, and an algorithm model suitable for marathon event recommendation is obtained. Experiments show that the comprehensive event recommendation model based on term frequency–inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) text weight and Race2vec entry sequence has the best recommendation performance on marathon event data set. According to the recommendation target of the event and the characteristics of the event data type, we can choose a single or comprehensive recommendation algorithm to build a model to realize the event recommendation.

Aging, frailty, and design of built environments

Before developing agriculture, herding or metallurgy, humans occupied most of the world. Multiple socioculturally-based responses supported their migration, including building shelters and constructing niches to limit environmental stressors. Sheltered settings provided social support and security during stressful times, along with opportunities for injured, aging, and frail members to survive. Modern built environments are designed for similar purposes, to support human growth, development, reproduction, and maintenance. However, extended survival in modern settings has costs. With age, muscle (sarcopenia) and bone loss (osteopenia, osteoporosis), along with somatic, physiological, and sensory dysfunction, reduce our physical capabilities, increase our frailty, and impede our abilities to interface with built and natural environments and manufactured artifacts. Thereby, increasing our dependence on built environments to maintain autonomy and quality of life.What follows is a conceptual review of how frailty may limit seniors within modern built environments. It suggests age-related frailty among seniors provides specific data for those designing environments for accessibility to all users. It is based in human ecological theory, and physiological and gerontological research showing senescent alterations, including losses of muscle, bone, and sensory perceptions, produce a frail phenotype with increasing age limiting our mobility, activity, use of space, and physical abilities. As an individual phenotype, frailty leads to age-related physical and performance declines. As a physiological assessment, frailty indices amalgamate individual measures of functional abilities into a single score. Such frailty indices increase with age and differ betwixt individuals and across groups. To design built environments that improve access, usability, and safety for aging and frail citizens, today’s seniors provide living samples and evidence for determining their future abilities, limitations, and design needs. Designing built environments to accommodate and improve the quality of human-environment interactions for frail seniors will improve usability and accessibility for most user groups.

A Computer-Assisted Writing Tool for an Extended Variety of Leichte Sprache (Easy-to-Read German)

Leichte Sprache (LS; easy-to-read German) defines a variety of German characterized by simplified syntactic constructions and a small vocabulary. It provides barrier-free information for a wide spectrum of people with cognitive impairments, learning difficulties, and/or a low level of literacy in the German language. The levels of difficulty of a range of syntactic constructions were systematically evaluated with LS readers as part of the recent LeiSA project (Bock, 2019). That study identified a number of constructions that were evaluated as being easy to comprehend but which fell beyond the definition of LS. We therefore want to broaden the scope of LS to include further constructions that LS readers can easily manage and that they might find useful for putting their thoughts into words. For constructions not considered in the LeiSA study, we performed a comparative treebank study of constructions attested to in a collection of 245 LS documents from a variety of sources. Employing the treebanks TüBa-D/S (also called VERBMOBIL) and TüBa-D/Z, we compared the frequency of such constructions in those texts with their incidence in spoken and written German sources produced without the explicit goal of facilitating comprehensibility. The resulting extension is called Extended Leichte Sprache (ELS). To date, text in LS has generally been produced by authors proficient in standard German. In order to enable text production by LS readers themselves, we developed a computational linguistic system, dubbed ExtendedEasyTalk. This system supports LS readers in formulating grammatically correct and semantically coherent texts covering constructions in ELS. This paper outlines the principal components: (1) a natural-language paraphrase generator that supports fast and correct text production while taking readership-design aspects into account, and (2) explicit coherence specifications based on Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) to express the communicative function of sentences. The system’s writing-workshop mode controls the options in (1) and (2). Mandatory questions generated by the system aim to teach the user when and how to consider audience-design concepts. Accordingly, users are trained in text production in a similar way to elementary school students, who also tend to omit audience-design cues. Importantly, we illustrate in this paper how to make the dialogues of these components intuitive and easy to use to avoid overtaxing the user. We also report the results of our evaluation of the software with different user groups.

A Dialog With Socrates Digital™

In this chapter, the presented example dialog shows how Socrates DigitalTM can guide users to learn and solve big and disparate data problems. In this example dialog, Socrates DigitalTM takes the lead—as a human instructor or facilitator would—to guide the conversation with the user groups. It begins by guiding user groups in the examination of information, concepts, and assumptions. Next, Socrates DigitalTM guides user groups to form conclusions and their implications. Finally, it guides user groups to summarize the conversation into a viewpoint about answering the question at hand.

Social Tagging and Secondary School Libraries

This chapter examines the Archive of Our Own (AO3) tagging system and backend design to determine how its successful elements can be implemented in a secondary school library setting. Specifically, it looks at social tagging on the platform to evaluate how effective a collaborative tag-based search system could be as a supplement to a traditional school library catalog. The author conducted field research and created an online library tagging template for school use. Google Forms are also used to generate content for the platform, which is designed for both librarian and student user groups. This work was carried out throughout the 2019-2020 school year. The author found that community care, subject knowledge, and “tag wrangling” are the key elements of the AO3 that can potentially be leveraged in a secondary school library environment to promote student engagement and reading for pleasure.

A Multidisciplinary Survey and Framework for Design and Evaluation of Explainable AI Systems

The need for interpretable and accountable intelligent systems grows along with the prevalence of artificial intelligence ( AI ) applications used in everyday life. Explainable AI ( XAI ) systems are intended to self-explain the reasoning behind system decisions and predictions. Researchers from different disciplines work together to define, design, and evaluate explainable systems. However, scholars from different disciplines focus on different objectives and fairly independent topics of XAI research, which poses challenges for identifying appropriate design and evaluation methodology and consolidating knowledge across efforts. To this end, this article presents a survey and framework intended to share knowledge and experiences of XAI design and evaluation methods across multiple disciplines. Aiming to support diverse design goals and evaluation methods in XAI research, after a thorough review of XAI related papers in the fields of machine learning, visualization, and human-computer interaction, we present a categorization of XAI design goals and evaluation methods. Our categorization presents the mapping between design goals for different XAI user groups and their evaluation methods. From our findings, we develop a framework with step-by-step design guidelines paired with evaluation methods to close the iterative design and evaluation cycles in multidisciplinary XAI teams. Further, we provide summarized ready-to-use tables of evaluation methods and recommendations for different goals in XAI research.

Clustering Users to Determine the Most Suitable Gamification Elements

The use of gamification elements has extended from being a complement for a product to being integrated into multiple public services to motivate the user. The first drawback for service designers is choosing which gamification elements are appropriate for the intended audience, in addition to the possible incompatibilities between gamification elements. This work proposes a clustering technique that enables mapping different user profiles in relation to their preferred gamification elements. Additionally, by mapping the best cluster for each gamification element, it is possible to determine the preferred game genre. The article answered the following research questions: What is the relationship between the genre of the game and the element of gamification? Different user groups (profiles) for each gamification element? Results indicate that there are cases where the users are divided between those who agree or disagree. However, other elements present a great heterogeneity in the number of groups and the levels of agreement.

All-inclusive LSP dictionaries and the Slovene–English Dictionary of Tourism

The chapter analyses some of the features of TURS, the Slovene LSP Dictionary of Tourism (Mikolič et al., 2011) against the terminographic guidelines from Slovene and international literature, and proposes improvements for its future updates. Arguments are based on the concept of the so-called all-inclusive dictionary (Fuertes-Olivera, 2011), which caters for a wide range of user groups and needs; the chapter argues it is necessary nowadays for all publicly-funded terminographic projects to be implemented applying the all-inclusive principle. This is because online terminological sources are widely available, and, thus, used by all user categories (hence dictionaries should cater to all of them). The chief focus of this chapter is the treatment of homonyms in TURS, particularly in relation to the implications that has for its bilingual aspect (the latter often being neglected in Slovene terminography).