Metabolic Profiling of Resistant and Susceptible Tobaccos Response Incited by Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum Causing Bacterial Wilt

The causal agent of bacterial wilt, Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum, can cause significant economic losses during tobacco production. Metabolic analyses are a useful tool for the comprehensive identification of plant defense response metabolites. In this study, a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) approach was used to identify metabolites differences in tobacco xylem sap in response to R. pseudosolanacearum CQPS-1 in two tobacco cultivars: Yunyan87 (susceptible to R. pseudosolanacearum) and K326 (quantitatively resistant). Metabolite profiling 7 days post inoculation with R. pseudosolanacearum identified 88 known compounds, 42 of them enriched and 6 depleted in the susceptible cultivar Yunyan87, while almost no changes occurred in quantitatively resistant cultivar K326. Putrescine was the most enriched compound (12-fold) in infected susceptible tobacco xylem, followed by methyl-alpha-d-glucopyranoside (9-fold) and arabinitol (6-fold). Other sugars, amino acids, and organic acids were also enriched upon infection. Collectively, these metabolites can promote R. pseudosolanacearum growth, as shown by the increased growth of bacterial cultures supplemented with xylem sap from infected tobacco plants. Comparison with previous metabolic data showed that beta-alanine, phenylalanine, and leucine were enriched during bacterial wilt in both tobacco and tomato xylem.

A MODIFIED GENERALIZED CHAIN RATIO IN REGRESSION ESTIMATOR

Generalized Chain ratio in regression type estimator is efficient for estimating the population mean. Many authors have derived a Generalized Chain ratio in regression type estimator. However, the computation of its Mean Square Error (MSE) is cumbersome based on the fact that several iterations have to be done, hence the need for a modified generalized chain ratio in regression estimator with lower MSE. This study proposed a modified generalized chain ratio in regression estimator which is less cumbersome in its computation. Two data sets were used in this study. The first data were on tobacco production by tobacco producing countries with yield of tobacco (variable of interest), area of land and production in metric tonnes as the auxiliary variables. The second data were the number of graduating pupils (variable of interest) in Ado-Odo/Ota local government, Ogun state with the number of enrolled pupils in primaries one and five as the auxiliary variables. The mean square errors in the existing and proposed estimators for various values of alpha were derived and relative efficiency was determined. The MSE for the existing estimator of tobacco production gave six values 0.0080, 0.0079, 0.0080, 0.0082, 0.0087 and 0.0093 with 0.0079 as the minimum while the proposed estimator gave 0.0054. The MSEs for the existing estimator for the graduating pupils were 20.73, 11.08, 7.49, 9.96, 18.50 and 33.10 with 7.49 as the minimum while the proposed was 6.52. The results of this study showed that the proposed estimator gave lower MSE for the two data sets, hence it is more efficient.

Biochar increases tobacco yield by promoting root growth based on a three-year field application

In order to explore the effects of biochar on root system and growth characteristics of flue-tobacco, three years of field experiments were conducted to study the influence of different biochar application levels [600 (T1), 1200 (T2), 1800(T3), 2400 (T4), 3000 (T5) kg/ha] and no fertilizer (CK) on the root physiological indexes and growth index of tobacco. Compared with local conventional fertilization, the application rate of N fertilizer in each treatment (except for control) was reduced by 40% to analyze the effects of different amount of biochar on the physiological indexes of tobacco roots and leaf photosynthesis during flourishing. The results showed that tobacco plants' root development status in the flourishing period was consistent with the photosynthetic physiological indexes, chlorophyll content, and leaf-area coefficient. Compared with the control, the application of biochar could increase the root vigor by 177.8%. Biochar improved the roots, increasing the total root area by 91.35% and the number of root tips by 100.9%. Meanwhile, biochar increased the net photosynthetic rate of tobacco leaves by 77.3% and the total tobacco biomass by 72.5%. Studies have shown that biochar can promote the development of tobacco roots, and then enhance the photosynthesis of leaves, so that tobacco plants can grow healthily, which is conducive to the tobacco production and the cultivation of soil.

Agricultural Productivity and Urbanization: Evidence from Grain and Tobacco Production Efficiency in China

This paperbased on grain production efficiency and tobacco production efficiency studies the impact of agricultural productivity on urbanization in open economy. Theoretically, a theoretical model allowing biased technological progress is constructed. The research finds that when technological progress is labor-saving technological progress, the improvement of agricultural productivity can significantly improve the level of urbanization. Empirically, using The Panel data of Chinese cities from 2000 to 2014, the empirical study finds that The improvement of grain production efficiency and the improvement of tobacco as a cash crop production efficiency will significantly improve the urbanization rate, and each standard deviation increase of agricultural productivity will increase the urbanization rate by about 4-9.6 percentage points, or about 12-30%. The above findings are robust and hold even after using instrumental variables and introducing more control variables. The research of this paper shows that the improvement of staple grain production efficiency and cash crop production efficiency can effectively improve the level of urbanization in China. Under the new normal of the economy, implementing the rural revitalization strategy and continuing to improve the efficiency of agricultural production is conducive to further improving the urbanization rate and boosting high-quality economic development.

Creative Self-efficacy Moderating the Relationship between Entrepreneurship Education Experiences and Innovative Behavior: Evidence from Tobacco Production

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore whether entrepreneurship education experiences related to innovative behavior and what a role of creative self-efficacy in the relationship evidence from tobacco production industry. Methods: We surveyed a sample of 230 young employees from tobacco production industry in China, a wide range of position, regarding their entrepreneurship education experiences, creative self-efficacy and innovative behavior. Creative self-efficacy and innovative behavior were measured by subjective and self-described questionnaires. Regression analyses and correlate analyses were used to test the hypotheses. Results: (1) Entrepreneurship education experiences can predict the young employees’ innovative behavior. (2) Creative self-efficacy moderates the positive relationship between entrepreneurship education experience and innovation behavior, and such relationship is stronger when creative self-efficacy is higher. Conclusion: The tobacco production is in urgent need of technological innovation, so how to improve employee innovation behavior is very important. The results of this paper provide some constructive opinion for the tobacco manufacturing enterprises to recruit new employees.

A Multi-Mode Reasoning For Predicting Tobacco Baking Quality

In order to reduce the number of defective products caused by the unreasonable baking time during the tobacco production process, this paper proposes a method for establishing a multi-model reasoning tobacco baking quality prediction model. Conduct data mining and analysis on the data of various indicators of the original tobacco, and screen out the data that have an impact on the quality of tobacco baking. In order to reduce the complexity of the model and eliminate the influence between different dimensions, the data are carried out and standardized processing. Next, the normalized data is explored for the multi-input and multi-output mapping relationship. Finally, a mapping matrix is given for the multi-input and multi-output mapping relationship so as to establish a tobacco baking quality prediction model. The test results show that the predicted value of this model is basically the actual value, and the prediction accuracy rate is more than 90%. It has a high prediction accuracy rate. The cured tobacco leaves are basically the same as the actual cured yellow expected value. This model provides a practical guide method for tobacco baking, which has certain practical value in actual tobacco baking.

Study on Countermeasures of Promoting Rural Vitalization Strategic Development by Tobacco Production in China

Tobacco production has always been an important pillar industry for China’s agricultural and rural economic development. By summarizing the practical experience of tobacco production in serving rural revitalization in China in recent years, this paper, based on the reality of tobacco industry, analyzes the practical problems existing in the development of tobacco-growing villages from the perspective of politics and overall situation, and puts forward some countermeasures to serve rural revitalization strategy in order to fulfill social responsibilities and help overcome poverty to lay a solid foundation for the strategic development of rural revitalization, to set the flue-cured tobacco industry as a model of agricultural strength, to set the tobacco-growing areas as a model of rural beauty, and to set the tobacco farmers as a model of farmers’ wealth.

Push/Pull Factors, Networks and Rural Labor Migration: Based on the Survey Data of Rural Labor Force in Tobacco Enterprises

Objectives: The “push-pull theory” analyzes the dynamic mechanism of the cross-border flow of labor force, and explains that the flow of labor force between countries is generated by the combined action of “push” and “pull”. Tobacco has always been an important cash crop in China, providing a lot of financial support for the rapid development of China’s economy. Tobacco production is the premise of the development of tobacco industry. The shortage of tobacco planting labor force and the decline of quality restrict the tobacco production and the development of the tobacco industry. Based on the “push-pull theory”, the researcher focuses on the survey data of the rural labor force of a specific Labor Cooperation Company. This paper clarified the current situation and transfer characteristics of rural labor force in tobacco areas, discussed the impact of labor force transfer on flue-cured tobacco production, and put forward the strategies to solve the dilemma of rural labor force transfer in tobacco areas.Therefore, the suggestion of taking the city as the center and form a network of migrant workers to enhance the sense of belonging of them is proposed.