The emergence of Information Structure in child speech: the acquisition of c’est-clefts in French

Constructions marking information structure in French have been widely documented within the constructionist framework. C’est ‘it is’ clefts have been demonstrated to express the focus of the sentence. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how children are able to acquire clefts, and how they develop information structure categories. The aim of this study is to investigate the acquisition of clefts in French through the usage-based framework, to understand (i) whether IS categories emerge gradually like other linguistic categories, and (ii) how children build IS categories. For this, I analysed 256 c’est-clefts produced by three children between age 2 and 3. I show that most early clefts are produced by children with the chunk c’est moi associated with the concrete function of requesting to perform an action themselves. This chunk then becomes a frame with slot, extending the function to other human referents and discourse participants with the function of requesting adults to perform an action. Another large portion of early clefts seems to belong to a frame with slot c’est X whose function is to identify the agent who carried out an action. These findings suggest that the information structure category of focus emerges gradually.

The challenge of integrating eHealth into healthcare; a systematic literature review on structure, process and outcomes (Donabedian model) (Preprint)

BACKGROUND Healthcare organisations increasingly work with eHealth. However, the integration of eHealth into regular healthcare is challenging. It requires organisations to change the way they work. The organisation’s structure and care processes need to be adapted to ensure that eHealth supports the attainment of the desired outcomes. OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to investigate whether there are identifiable indicators in the structure, process and outcome categories related to a successful integration of eHealth in regular healthcare, and to investigate which indicators of structure and process are related to outcome indicators. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted, using Donabedian’s Structure-Process-Outcome framework (SPO), to identify indicators that are related to the integration of eHealth into healthcare organisations. Data extraction sheets were designed to provide an overview of the study characteristics, the eHealth characteristics, and the indicators. The extracted indicators were organised into themes and subthemes of the structure, process and outcome categories. RESULTS Eleven studies were included, covering a variety of study designs, diseases and eHealth tools. All studies identified structure, process and outcome indicators that were potentially related to the integration of eHealth. The number of indicators found in structure, process, outcomes was respectively 175, 84, and 88. The themes with the most-noted indicators and their mutual interaction were the inner setting (51 indicators, 16 interactions), care receiver (40 indicators, 11 interactions) and technology (38 indicators, 12 interactions) themes, all three in the structure category, the healthcare actions theme (38 indicators, 15 interactions) in the process category and the efficiency theme (30 indicators, 15 interactions) in the outcome category. In-depth examination showed four most-reported indicators, namely indicator ‘deployment of human resources’ (n=11) of the inner setting theme in the structure category, the ‘ease of use’ (n=16) and ‘technical issue’ (n=10) indicators, both in the technology theme within the structure category, and the ‘health logistics’ (n=26) indicator in the efficiency theme within the outcome category. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that three principles are important for the successful integration of eHealth into healthcare. First, the role of the care receiver needs to be incorporated into the organisational structure and daily care process. Second, the technology must be well attuned to the organisational structure and daily care process. Third, the deployment of human resources in the daily care processes needs to be aligned with the desired end results. Not adhering to these points could negatively affect the organisation, daily process, or the end results.

Saunders Mac Lane: From Principia Mathematica through Göttingen to the Working Theory of Structures

Saunders Mac Lane heard David Hilbert’s weekly lectures on philosophy and utterly believed Hilbert’s declaration that mathematics will know no limits. He studied algebra with Emmy Noether, and both mathematics and philosophy with Hermann Weyl. As a young algebraist he created today’s standard working method for mathematical structure: category theory, with topologist Samuel Eilenberg. As one step, they created the now standard definition of “isomorphism.” They originally saw categories as just a working tool. But in the 1950s, Mac Lane saw Alexander Grothendieck and others radically extend the range of the theory, and in the 1960s, he took up William Lawvere’s idea of categorical foundations. The essay relates all of this to current philosophical structuralism, especially concerning isomorphisms and automorphisms of structures. It concludes by comparing Mac Lane’s motives for structuralist working mathematics with current philosophical motives for structuralist ontology.

Experimental substantiation of the NPEMFE geophysical method to solve engineering and geological problems

Topicality. Preservation and increasing of soil fertility is the essential problem for the agricultural melioration. It was solved in the most intensive way during the period of 1960s-1980s within the framework of “Large-scale program of the melioration development”. Poor technical condition of the internal economic network of Dnipropetrovsk Region is peculiar for more than 136 thous. ha being 68.6 % of the irrigation land area. That results in considerable filtration losses, which stipulates both increased prime cost of the irrigation water and deterioration of environmental and melioration conditions of the neighbouring territories. For a long time, reconstruction of the irrigation system has not been financed properly. Implementation of the measures aimed at restoration and development of irrigation is one of the priorities of the Agreement on the Association between Ukraine and the European Union. Nowadays, much attention is paid to diagnostics of technical state of hydroengineering structures (HES) in melioration systems of CC1 structure category (especially, to the retention basins of irrigation systems) involving non-destructive instrumental methods. According to the recommendations of normative documents, it is proposed to determine the zones of increased filtration within the earth dam body, protective dams, and reservoir beds using a system of geophysical methods including the following ones: vertical electric sounding (VES), microelectric sounding (MES), electric profiling (EP), and method of natural electric fields (NEF). Unfortunately, the mentioned methods are often rather cost- and labour-consuming ones. That emphasizes the topicality of developing and implementing the innovative methods for complex evaluation of technical condition and detection of hidden filtration zones within the bodies of earth HESs. That will help localize and maintain timely the identified site making it possible to prolong operation period of the object and prevent rise of ground water level within the neighbouring territories. Objective of the paper is experimental substantiation of the efficiency of using labour- and time-saving geophysical NPEMFE method to detect filtration and watering zones, being undetected visually, within the hydroengineering structures of melioration systems to improve their operational qualities, reduce their maintenance cost, and prevent deterioration of environmental and melioration conditions of the neighbouring territories. Research methodology. The following conventional methods were applied during the scientific and engineering survey activities: field – geophysical research methods NPEMFE and VES to determine filtration zones, which were not detected visually; experimental – involving odometer of standard modification to detect electromagnetic radiation during the loading of loose argillaceous soil samples; laboratory - standard techniques to specify physical and mechanical properties of soils before and after their compressive studies; computational-analytic – to determine dimensions of filtration water losses from the basin. Golden Software Surfer 8 and AutoCad 10 programme complexes were applied to process the obtained results. Scientific novelty of the research results. For the first time, it has been proved experimentally that electromagnetic radiation increases when loaded with loose argillaceous samples and decreases when the samples are moist. That makes it possible to apply the NPEMFE method to identify visually non-detected filtration zones within the body of hydroengineering structures of melioration systems. Practical value of the research: possibility to use time- and labour-saving NPEMFE method to identify visually non-detected zones of filtration and watering within the body of hydroengineering structures in melioration systems of CC1 structure category has been substantiated experimentally.

PERTANYAAN TRADISIONAL MASYARAKAT DI KENAGARIAN SUNGAI PINANG KECAMATAN KOTO XI TARUSAN KABUPATEN PESISIR SELATAN

This study aims to describe: (1) the traditional question structure of the community in Kenagarian Sungai Pinang, Koto XI Subdistrict, Tarusan, South Pesisir Regency: (2) the category of traditional questions of the community in Kenagarian Sungai Pinang, Koto XI Subdistrict, Tarusan, South Pesisir Regency: (3) Community Social Functions in Kenagarian Sungai Pinang Koto XI Subdistrict Tarusan South Pesisir Regency. This type of research is qualitative research using descriptive methods. This research data is a traditional question of the community in Kenagarian Sungai Pinang, Koto XI Sub-District, Tarusan, South Pesisir Regency. Data were collected from informants through interview techniques, observation and recording of interviews with informants. Based on the results of the study found the following: (1) the structure of traditional community questions in Kenagarian Sungai Pinang, Koto XI Subdistrict Tarusan, Pesisir Selatan Regency consists of: (a) traditional questions that are contradictory, and (b) traditional questions that do not contradict: (2 ) category of traditional community questions in Kenagarian Sungai Pinang Koto XI Subdistrict Tarusan Pesisir Selatan Regency consists of: (a) similarities with living things, (b) similarities with animals, (c) similarities with some animals, (d) similarities with humans, (e) similarities with some people, (f) similarities with plants, (g) equality with objects, (h) equation with parables, (i) equation with form and function, (j) equation with matter, and (k) equation with actions: (3) the social function of the traditional question of the Community in Kenagarian Sungai Pinang, Koto XI Sub-district Tarusan, South Pesisir Regency consists of: (a) testing the intelligence of others, and (b) amuse.Keywords: Structure, Category, Social Function

Unlike phrase structure category coordination

We present a feature-based theory of phrase structure category labelswhich assigns an appropriate category to unlike category coordinationssuch as (Fred is) [[a Democrat] and [proud of it]]: wepropose that unlike category coordinations are specified as includingfeatures of the phrase structure categories of each of the conjuncts.

The use of the Nursing Activities Score in clinical settings: an integrative review

ABSTRACT Objective analyze how studies have approached the results obtained from the application of the Nursing Activities Score (NAS) based on Donabedian’s model of healthcare organization and delivery. Method CINAHL and PubMed databases were searched for papers published between 2003 and March 2015. Results 36 articles that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed and double-coded by three independent coders and analyzed based on the three elements of Donabedian’s health care quality framework: structure, process and outcome. The most frequently addressed, but not always tested, variables were those that fell into the structure category. Conclusion variables that fell into the process category were used less frequently. Beside NAS, the most frequently used variables in the outcome category were mortality and length of stay. However, no study used a quality framework for healthcare or NAS to evaluate costs, and it is recommended that further research should explore this approach.

Effects of ethical practices on corporate governance in developing countries: evidence from Lebanon and Egypt

Companies in some developing countries, such as those in the Middle East and North Africa region, do not place high importance on ethical behavior and practices within the organization. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of ethical behavior and practices within small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries on promoting good corporate governance. Data collected in Lebanon and Egypt provided evidence that ethics impact all major corporate governance categories. A deeper analysis of the relationships enabled the profiling of SMEs with lower levels of corporate governance relative to Ownership Structure. The findings created a path for useful recommendations to enhance corporate governance, in particular the Ownership Structure category, through adopting expedient ethical practices.

Phytochemical Profiling of Leaf, Stem, and Tuber Parts of Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi Using GC-MS

Objective. To explore the possible bioactive compounds in the methanolic extracts of leaf, stem, and tuber parts of the medicinal climber, Solena amplexicaulis, using GC-MS. Methods. GC-MS analysis of the plant extracts were performed by using GC-MS-5975C [Agilent] and mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract was matched with the data in the library of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Results. Thirty-five compounds were determined to be present in the parts studied. The active principles with their retention time, molecular formula, molecular weight, peak area, structure, category of the compounds, and activities were predicted. The most prevailing compounds were phytol (38.24%) in leaf, 4-(4-ethoxyphenyl) but-3-en-2-one (56.90%) in stem, and 9,17-octadecadienal, (Z)- (21.77%) in tuber. Conclusion. This study revealed that the species S. amplexicaulis is a good source of many bioactive compounds like terpenes, triazines, esters, alkanes, alcohols, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, amides, and so forth. That justifies the traditional usage of this species.