Rolul modelelor teoretice ale relațiilor publice în construirea identității etice profesionale

This study explores a series of scientific research on public relations ethics to identify the role of the models of public relations in building ethical identity. Models of public relations are able to explain the negative image of this profession, synonymous with lies, manipulation, deception, and are responsible for dividing the ethical identity of public relations practitioners into two competing paradigms: the advocate, which puts the organization’s interests of above those of the public and, respectively, the guardian of the management of the organization, who finds a wise balance between loyalties to the organization and to the public in accordance with the highest ethical standards of dialogue.

How does corruption distance affect MNCs' entry ownership strategies and entry performance? A combined lens of transaction cost economics and institutional theory

<p>Purpose — Government determines the rules of the game that influence the strategies and actions of a firm. Government corruption increases the transaction costs and generates institutional pressures for MNCs. Corrupt countries are often economically attractive emerging markets, which are strategically important for foreign entrants. However, little research has been carried out as to discussing the role of market entry strategies in MNCs entering corrupt host markets. In this thesis, we focus on how firms strategically respond to corrupt environments, as well as how they succeed in the corrupt foreign markets. Theory/Framework — We first scrutinized two fundamental theoretical underpinnings that are pertinent to this research, namely, transaction cost economics (TCE) and the institutional view. Specifically, not only does corruption pervasiveness affect MNCs’ entry decisions, corruption arbitrariness and institutional forces also has important implications. Through a TCE lens, we decomposed the “arbitrary corruption” and focus on country-level arbitrariness, i.e., a “lack of political constraint” and “political instability” in a host country. From an institutional view, we analysed the influence of both external and internal institutional forces, that is, the legitimacy pressure from a host government, as well as the internal pressure driven by the ethical identity of a parent firm (based on the organizational identity theory) in the context of corruption. Drawing on the blended perspectives, we filled in the research gaps by constructing a conceptual model that connects corruption distance with entry ownership strategies, and the subsequent entry performance. Methodology — We manually extracted data regarding foreign market entry behaviours of US listed MNCs from periodical databases using the Event History Analysis (EHA). We ran empirical analysis to demonstrate how corruption and related factors affect MNCs’ entry strategies, and how these strategies produce different entry performance. By using logistic models, the first study examined the impact of corruption distance on MNCs’ strategic ownership choices between joint ventures (JVs) and wholly owned subsidiaries (WOSs), and how corruption arbitrariness and institutional forces respectively moderate the corruption-strategy relationship. The second study employed Heckman two-stage models to examine how corruption distance, selected moderators and entry strategy fit enhance entry performance. Key findings — Empirical findings in Study 1 suggest that as corruption distance increases, MNCs are more likely to choose the JV mode. They tend to choose strategic alliances when entering a host country with fewer political constraints. The results also indicate that both “lack of political constraint” and “political instability” negatively moderate the positive relationship between corruption distance and MNCs’ strategic preference for a JV entry. From an institutional view, the findings indicate that regulatory pressure driven by political intervention, as well as internal constraints in the form of corporate identity, affect firms’ entry decisions. As corruption distance becomes greater, international firms with less salient ethical identities show a greater inclination for local adaptation, whereas their ethically conscious counterparts show little conformity in their strategic response to host-country corruption. Study 2 advances the understanding of how corruption distance and entry strategies affect a foreign subsidiary’s entry performance and answers the subsequent “so-what” question. Employing an EHA-based measure of entry performance, we have found that 1) As corruption distance increases, foreign subunits are less likely to be successful. 2) In relation to the WOS entry, local partnership overcomes competitive disadvantages induced by corruption distance and generates more successful host-market entries. 3) As opposed to wholly controlled investment, local partnering would be more successful where a host country is more politically unconstrained. 4) We confirmed a positive effect of corporate ethical identity on entry success. Contributions/Originalities — Both studies contribute to the marketing strategy research in international markets by linking government corruption and relevant factors with firm strategy and firm performance through dual lenses from TCEs and the institutional theory. The research does not only have theoretical value in demonstrating the implications of corruption distance, but also sheds light on strategic decisions and foreign entry outcomes for international practitioners entering host countries under various transactional costs and institutional conditions.</p>

How does corruption distance affect MNCs' entry ownership strategies and entry performance? A combined lens of transaction cost economics and institutional theory

<p>Purpose — Government determines the rules of the game that influence the strategies and actions of a firm. Government corruption increases the transaction costs and generates institutional pressures for MNCs. Corrupt countries are often economically attractive emerging markets, which are strategically important for foreign entrants. However, little research has been carried out as to discussing the role of market entry strategies in MNCs entering corrupt host markets. In this thesis, we focus on how firms strategically respond to corrupt environments, as well as how they succeed in the corrupt foreign markets. Theory/Framework — We first scrutinized two fundamental theoretical underpinnings that are pertinent to this research, namely, transaction cost economics (TCE) and the institutional view. Specifically, not only does corruption pervasiveness affect MNCs’ entry decisions, corruption arbitrariness and institutional forces also has important implications. Through a TCE lens, we decomposed the “arbitrary corruption” and focus on country-level arbitrariness, i.e., a “lack of political constraint” and “political instability” in a host country. From an institutional view, we analysed the influence of both external and internal institutional forces, that is, the legitimacy pressure from a host government, as well as the internal pressure driven by the ethical identity of a parent firm (based on the organizational identity theory) in the context of corruption. Drawing on the blended perspectives, we filled in the research gaps by constructing a conceptual model that connects corruption distance with entry ownership strategies, and the subsequent entry performance. Methodology — We manually extracted data regarding foreign market entry behaviours of US listed MNCs from periodical databases using the Event History Analysis (EHA). We ran empirical analysis to demonstrate how corruption and related factors affect MNCs’ entry strategies, and how these strategies produce different entry performance. By using logistic models, the first study examined the impact of corruption distance on MNCs’ strategic ownership choices between joint ventures (JVs) and wholly owned subsidiaries (WOSs), and how corruption arbitrariness and institutional forces respectively moderate the corruption-strategy relationship. The second study employed Heckman two-stage models to examine how corruption distance, selected moderators and entry strategy fit enhance entry performance. Key findings — Empirical findings in Study 1 suggest that as corruption distance increases, MNCs are more likely to choose the JV mode. They tend to choose strategic alliances when entering a host country with fewer political constraints. The results also indicate that both “lack of political constraint” and “political instability” negatively moderate the positive relationship between corruption distance and MNCs’ strategic preference for a JV entry. From an institutional view, the findings indicate that regulatory pressure driven by political intervention, as well as internal constraints in the form of corporate identity, affect firms’ entry decisions. As corruption distance becomes greater, international firms with less salient ethical identities show a greater inclination for local adaptation, whereas their ethically conscious counterparts show little conformity in their strategic response to host-country corruption. Study 2 advances the understanding of how corruption distance and entry strategies affect a foreign subsidiary’s entry performance and answers the subsequent “so-what” question. Employing an EHA-based measure of entry performance, we have found that 1) As corruption distance increases, foreign subunits are less likely to be successful. 2) In relation to the WOS entry, local partnership overcomes competitive disadvantages induced by corruption distance and generates more successful host-market entries. 3) As opposed to wholly controlled investment, local partnering would be more successful where a host country is more politically unconstrained. 4) We confirmed a positive effect of corporate ethical identity on entry success. Contributions/Originalities — Both studies contribute to the marketing strategy research in international markets by linking government corruption and relevant factors with firm strategy and firm performance through dual lenses from TCEs and the institutional theory. The research does not only have theoretical value in demonstrating the implications of corruption distance, but also sheds light on strategic decisions and foreign entry outcomes for international practitioners entering host countries under various transactional costs and institutional conditions.</p>

Ethical Identity Index and Financial Performance of Islamic Banks in Asia

This study is a follow-up study conducted by Zaki et al. (2014), who explored Islamic banks' ethical identity with financial performance. This study aims to identify the identity of Islamic banks in Asia against Shari'ah law and examine the relationship between EII and financial performance. The data used are financial data from 7 Islamic banks in Asia in 2016-2019. The study results show that the higher the EII value, the higher the Islamic bank supervision of sharia. Then the researcher describes the relationship between EII and financial performance as measured by using Return On Assets. The result is that there is no relationship between EII and financial performance.

The Filipino Business Leader in the Time of the (COVID-19) Pandemic within the Lens of the Catholic Social Teachings

The COVID-19 pandemic is not only a global health problem—its ramifications are complex and extensive. From social routines to religious gatherings, as well as economic conditions, have all been significantly affected. The global economy has entered into a recession and local establishments, especially small and medium enterprises, have not been spared. Most of these businesses have laid-off workers and closed shops and stores. Within this chaos of business restructuring and systemic changes are complications and implications to the meaning of ethical business leadership and the value of work. This paper looks at these shifts and turns taking place in enterprises and workplaces in light of Catholic Social Thought (CST) and explores how these data and narratives from the ground could have contributed to a renewed or reshaped ethical identity of a Filipino business leader in the time of the (COVID-19) pandemic.

THE IMPACT OF ISLAMIC CORPORATE GOVERNANCE DISCLOSURE, ISLAMIC INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL, ZAKAT, FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE (SCnP Model) & ISLAMIC ETHICAL IDENTITY TO SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS

ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis dampak Islamic Corporate Governance disclosure, Islamic Intellectual Capital, Zakat, Kinerja Keuangan (SCnP Model), dan Islamic Ethical Identity terhadap Sustainable Business. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Data yang dipakai ialah data sekunder dengan teknik pengumpulan data content analysis terhadap annual report 5 bank syariah periode 2015-2019 yang terdapat di negara ASEAN, GCC & MESA. Metode analisis data pada penelitian ini menggunakan regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) Islamic Corporate Disclosure berpengaruh terhadap Sustainable Business, (2) Islamic Intellectual Capital berpengaruh terhadap Sustainable Business, (3) Zakat tidak berpengaruh terhadap Sustainable Business, (4) Kinerja Keuangan (SCnP Model) tidak berpengaruh terhadap Sustainable Business, (5) Islamic Ethical Identity tidak berpengaruh terhadap Sustainable Business. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan masukan bagi entitas syariah terutama bank syariah dalam pengembangan aspek kinerja keuangan dan non keuangan serta mengi ngatkan kembali akan pentingnya konsep sustainable terutama kewajiban dalam penyusunan sustainability reporting.Kata Kunci: Islamic Corporate Governance, Islamic Intellectual Capital, Zakat, Islamic Ethical Identity, Sustainable Business. ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of Islamic Corporate Governance disclosure, Islamic Intellectual Capital, Zakat, Financial Performance (SCnP Model), and Islamic Ethical Identity on Sustainable Business. This study uses a quantitative approach. The data used is secondary data with content analysis data collection techniques on the annual reports of 5 Islamic banks for the 2015-2019 period in ASEAN, GCC & MESA countries. Methods of data analysis in this study using multiple linear regression. The results showed that (1) Islamic Corporate Disclosure has an affects to Sustainable Business, (2) Islamic Intellectual Capital has an effect on Sustainable Business, (3) Zakat has no effect on Sustainable Business, (4) Financial Performance (SCnP Model) has no effect on Sustainable Business , (5) Islamic Ethical Identity has no effect on Sustainable Business. This research is expected to provide input for Islamic entities, especially Islamic banks in developing aspects of financial and non-financial performance as well as reminders of the importance of the concept of sustainability, especially the obligations in preparing sustainability reporting.Keyword: Islamic Corporate Governance, Islamic Intellectual Capital, Zakat, Islamic Ethical Identity, Sustainable Business.

PENGARUH PENGUNGKAPAN IDENTITAS ETIS ISLAM, AGENCY COST DAN INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL TERHADAP KINERJA KEUANGAN (STUDI PADA BANK UMUM SYARIAH YANG TERDAFTAR DI OTORITAS JASA KEUANGAN PERIODE 2016-2018)

This study aimed to examine the influence of the Islamic ethical indentity disclosure, agency cost, and intellectual capital to the financial performance proxied by return on asset (ROA) in Islamic commercial bank in 2016-2018. Secondary data were used from annual report were published on the website etch Islamic bank between 2016-2018. The purposive sampling method using in this research, so there are theerten Islamic banks are object of research. The analytical method used is multiple linier regresstion analysis using the SPSS 20 softwer program. The results of this study shows that partial of the Islamic ethical identity disclosure have not effect on the financial performance proxied by return on asset (ROA) in Islamic commercial bank, the agency cost have effect negative on the financial performance proxied by return on asset (ROA) in Islamic commercial bank, and intellectual capital have effect positif on the financial performance proxied by return on asset (ROA) in Islamic commercial bank in 2016-2018. Keywords: Islamic ethical identity disclosure, agency cost intellectual capital, financial performance and ROA.

The Messiness of Ethics in Education

This article considers the multifaceted concept of ethics and how, despite being a familiar notion within education, it is still much contested within literature and professional practice. Drawing on postmodern, feminist and political literature, the authors explore (re)conceptualisations of ethics and ethicality in relation to ethical identity, professionalism and practice. Applying philosophical and metaphorical tools, such as the rhizome and nomad (Deleuze and Guattari, 1987), the authors suggest there is the potential to accommodate the multiple and often divergent facets of ethics, thereby engaging with different ethical possibilities. It is argued that the propensity for reducing ethics to merely procedural protocols and guidelines marginalises the richness of ethics and, all too frequently, leaves practitioners ill-equipped to navigate the reality of day-to-day ethics.The article is positioned within the field of early years (EY) practice and training EY practitioners. This reflects the authors’ own specialism but also celebrates the propensity of the EY practitioner to reflect upon, question and challenge their own practice and ethical identities. This does not reduce the applicability of the subject matter which is relevant to educators of children of any age. The term ‘practitioner’ is used throughout to refer to any adult working with children in an educative role, this includes, but is not limited to nursery nurses, teachers or teaching assistants.