Optimal Market-Integration Decisions by Policymakers: Modeling and Analysis of Agriculture Market Data

Policymakers often seek to integrate markets as a way to maximize social welfare. In this article, the authors consider the spectrum of all possible integration policies, from full isolation to complete integration, and characterize the socially optimal market integration, under general demands. They identify market conditions under which social surplus is indeed maximized at partial market integration. For the linear price-responsive demand model that is used extensively in the operations management literature, these conditions are identified as thresholds on (i) the relative size of the markets being integrated, and (ii) the relative price sensitivity of consumers in these markets. The authors then apply the model to the commercial seed market in the European Union (EU). Their analysis shows that socially optimal market integration for these countries provides a further improvement in the social surplus for the EU by 2.80%, relative to complete integration. Results show that policymakers should exercise caution in determining the extent to which markets are integrated.

WAYS TO INCREASE THE EFFECTIVE USE OF GRAINS AND PRODUCTS OF THEIR PROCESSING IN THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN

Grain growing is one of the key drivers of growth in the agrarian economy of the Republic of Bashkortostan, is of paramount importance, and is included in the zone of economic benefits of other types of economic activity. The purpose of the work is to analyze the ways to increase the effective use of grain crops and products of their processing, produced in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The object of the research is agriculture in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The subject of the research is the process of using grain crops and products. The grain produced in the republic is used to satisfy internal and external needs. The authors emphasized that there is a decrease in the use of grain for food purposes, the volume of grain used for fodder purposes, including the production of combined feeds, is increasing annually, which is associated with a positive trend in the increase in livestock production. Grain production in the region should proceed according to an intensive scenario, due to the improvement of quality characteristics, selection work, for this it is necessary to solve the problems of the underdevelopment of the seed market. There is a stimulation of the export of grain products. Average annual growth in 2013-2019 in terms of the volume of export of products amounted to 28 %, the largest exporters were Latvia, Iran. The share of regional exports is 0.6 % in the export of grain from Russia, it is planned to increase the export of grain and products of their processing. It is necessary to develop competencies to bring regional products to foreign markets, establish new economic ties, trade on the exchange market, develop infrastructure, and increase elevator capacities.

Struktur, Perilaku, dan Kinerja Pasar Benih Jagung (Zea Mays L.) di Amerika Serikat, India, dan Indonesia

The growth of corn demand in the world has an impact on the lack of fulfillment in the world, so it needs some effort to increase the production through corn seed optimation. The three of corn production center in the world are United States of America, India, and Indonesia. The aim of this study are to analyze and compare the structure, conduct, and performance of corn seed market in United States of America, India, and Indonesia and also to analyze the suitable policy recommendation to improve Indonesian corn seed marketing efficiency. This research used literature review method to analyze the data. The results shows that the market structure of corn seed market in United States of America, India, and Indonesia is oligopoly. The market conduct of corn seed market in United States of America, India, and Indonesia are same, which is a merger and particular agreements practice among the seed companies. The most efficient market is India, with the value of producer price share 76.08%.

Can the Market Deliver 100% Organic Seed and Varieties in Europe?

This paper considers European organic seed as a market in the sense of economic theory and explores factors impacting seed supply and demand. Under the organic regulation, farmers have to use seed multiplied in organic farming or apply for a derogation. We evaluated the functioning of the organic seed market, based on case studies of seed supply chains for arable, vegetable and forage crops; a farmer survey; and a status-quo analysis of the organic seed sector from the European LIVESEED project. The organic seed market is characterised by small size, great diversity of crops grown, unsolved technical problems for some crops and limited capacity of breeding varieties adapted to organic farming conditions. Demand vastly outstrips supply for most crops, but strong regional and sector differences were observed. A lack of information about availability and price for organic seed is likely to act as barrier to investment. Full enforcement of the regulation to use only organic seed might have unforeseen consequences, such as a reduction of agrobiodiversity in organic farming, rather than supporting an increase in supply. We conclude that the market alone is not likely to deliver 100% organic seed and government intervention is justified.

Study the Market Competitiveness and Its Performance in Green Chilli Seeds Market

The green chilli seeds market is majorly controlled by private companies in India. As a result, private companies are trying to make a profit with good quality seeds along with taking the good promotion activities in the market. The study was taken in Hassan district of Karnataka, India. In this study to know the market structure, the Herfindal Index was used and it found that East–West Company had a market share of 55.12 per cent followed by Seminis seeds with 22.44 per cent. Herfindal Index was 3,762.75 which depicted a moderate degree of concentration in the green chilli seed market in the study area. To know the performance of each selected company in the green chill market was calculated with help of a grid. The East-West and Beejo Sheetal companies performance was equal in the market. The display of product, appropriating schemes and distribution depth of East-West seeds company was foremost because the East-West company seeds come in metal box package which makes them appear more attractive, quality protected and prove to less damage during transit.

GROWTH COMPARISON DAN SURVIVAL RATE OF CATFISH (Clarias sp.) WITH DIFFERENT FEED

This study aims to determine how the growth and survival of catfish seeds that are fed differently. The design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) using 4 treatments and 3 replications so that the number of expe- riments amounted to 12. The treatment given was treatment A (administration of daphnia magna), treatment B (administration of tubifex), treatment C (mosquito larvae), and treatment D (pellets). The parameters measured in this study are weight growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival rate (SR), and water quality parameters (acidity (pH), temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO). Research location was carried out at the UPT. Fish Seed Market and Fish Seed Center Denpasar City. The highest weight growth was in treatment B was 0.89 g, then in treatment D was 0.84 g, treatment C was 0.42 g, and treatment A was 0.37 g. The best FCR in treatment B was 1.90 and treatment D was 1.98. Survival rate in this study ranged from 70-90%. Water quality parameters in this study are still in good conditions for growth and survival of catfish seeds. The temperature ranges from 24.97-25.10oC, DO ranges from 4.63-8.02 ppm, and pH ranges from 8.97-9.23.

Are Chilean Pasture Seed End-Users Adopting New Species? Trends and Joinpoint Regression Analysis of the Last 19 Years of Seed Imports

Pastures are important for the agricultural sector as forage, recreational and sports systems. The Chilean pasture seed market is highly dependent on introduced genetics; however, the effect of climate change and market conditions can modify pasture options. The objective of this study was to quantify changes of the pasture seeds sown by Chilean end-users, as metric tons (Mt) or proportion of the total (PT), based on 19 years of imported seed. The Mann–Kendall test and joinpoint regression analysis were used to estimate the overall trends and the average annual percent change (AAPC) for the whole period, respectively. The total imported Mt had an increasing trend and AAPC (+5.7%), wherein a large PT corresponded to ryegrasses (Lolium spp.) (0.681), with increasing trends for Mt and PT. Clovers (Trifolium spp.) had decreasing trends and AAPC (−2.9% for Mt and −9.6% for PT). For PT, the main species was perennial ryegrass (L. perenne L.) (0.357), with increasing trends for Mt. As Mt, a positive AAPC was found for plantain (P. lanceolata L.) (+17.4%) and chicory (C. intybus L.) (+63.2%). Over a period of 19 years, based on Mt but not PT, Chilean end-users have been adopting new pasture species with a decreasing use of Trifolium spp.

Varieties and hybrids of red cabbage for re-culture in Uzbekistan

Проведение исследований по подбору сортов краснокочанной капусты – актуальная научная и практическая проблема для сельского хозяйства Узбекистана. Цель исследований: подбор сортов и гибридов краснокочанной капусты при возделывании ее в качестве повторной культуры в летне-осенний период. Исследования проводили на кафедре овощеводства, бахчеводства и картофелеводства Ташкентского государственного аграрного университета. Полевые опыты закладывали на экспериментальной базе НИИ генетических ресурсов растений, расположенной в Кибрайском районе Ташкентской области. Почвы – типичные сероземы давнего орошения с мощностью гумусового горизонта 0,6–1,0 м. В 2015–2019 годах была изучена коллекция из 24 различных сортообразцов краснокочанной капусты, стандант – гибрид F1Primero. Выделены следующие сортообразцы: F1 Red Dynasty, F1Super red, б/н из Китая, F1 Romanov, F1 Royal. Вместе со стандартом и гибридом F1 Omero, популярным на семенном рынке Узбекистана, они были включены в предварительное сортоиспытание. Было выявлено, что все испытанные сортообразцы по продолжительности вегетационного периода относятся к группе ранних (от посадки до первого сбора 84–92 дня). В конкурсное сортоиспытание были включены вместе со стандартом 4 сортообразца: три наиболее урожайных (б/н из Китая, F1 Ranchero, F1Red Dynasty) и гибрид F1 Omero, отличавшийся высокой завязываемостью и товарностью кочанов. Установлено, что наибольшей облиственностью отличались сортообразцы: F1 Ranchero, б/н из Китая и F1 Red Dynasty, наименьшей – F1 Omero. Лучшей завязываемостью кочанов отличались сортообразцы б/н из Китая и F1Omero, худшей – F1 Red Dynasty. Наиболее крупные кочаны в питомнике конкурсного сортоиспытания сформировали F1 Ranchero (1,13 кг) и б/н из Китая (1,12 кг), наиболее мелкие – F1Omero (0,98 кг). В питомнике конкурсного сортоиспытания стандарт по общей и товарной урожайности превзошли сортообразцы F1 Ranchero (42,8 и 34,3 т/га), б/н из Китая (40,3 и 30,8 т/га) и F1Omero (38,2 и 31,7 т/га соответственно). Для возделывания в повторной культуре рекомендуется использовать гибрид F1 Ranchero и сортообразец б/н из Китая. Conducting research on the selection of varieties of red cabbage is an actual scientific and practical problem for the agriculture of Uzbekistan. The purpose of the research: selection of varieties and hybrids of red cabbage in the cultivation of its repeated culture in the summer-autumn period. The research was carried out at the Department of Vegetable Growing, Melon Growing and Potato Growing of the Tashkent State Agrarian University. Field experiments were conducted at the experimental base of the Research Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, located in Kibraisk district, Tashkent region. The soils are typical grey desert soil of long-standing irrigation with a humus layer thickness of 0.6–1.0 m. In 2015–2019, a collection of 24 different cultivars of red cabbage, a standant hybrid F1 Primero, was studied. The following varieties are distinguished: F1 Red Dynasty, F1 Super red, untitled from China, F1 Romanov, F1 Royal. Together with the standard and the F1 Omero hybrid, which is popular in the seed market of Uzbekistan, they were included in the preliminary variety testing. It was revealed that all the varieties tested in it belong to the group of early varieties according to the duration of the growing season (from planting to the first harvest, 84–92 days). In the competitive variety testing, 4 varieties were included together with the standard: the three most productive (untitled from China, F1 Ranchero, F1 Red Dynasty) and the F1Omero hybrid, which was characterized by high tying and marketability of heads. It was found that the most leafy varieties were: F1 Ranchero, untitled from China and F1 Red Dynasty, the least – F1Omero. The best knotting of the heads was distinguished by untitled cultivars from China and F1 Omero, the worst – F1 Red Dynasty. The largest heads in the nursery of the competitive variety test were formed by F1 Ranchero (1.13 kg) and untitled from China (1.12 kg), the smallest – F1 Omero (0.98 kg). In the nursery of competitive variety testing, the standard for total and commercial yield was surpassed by the varieties F1 Ranchero (42.8 and 34.3 t/ha), untitled from China (40.3 and 30.8 t/ha) and F1 Omero (38.2 and 31.7 t/ha, respectively). For cultivation in repeated culture, it is recommended to use the F1 Ranchero hybrid and the untitled variety from China.