interlamellar space
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2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 2993-3006
Author(s):  
Weliton Vilhalba da Silva ◽  
◽  
Henrique Momo Ziemniczak ◽  
Flávia Barbieri Bacha ◽  
Rudã Brandão Santos Fernandes ◽  
...  

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chronic salinity tolerance of Carassius auratus and the effects on blood parameters, gill morphology, and survival. In the first test, nine different concentrations (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10, 15, 20, and 25 g L-1) of NaCl were used with nine repetitions for 96 h. The survival of fish subjected to 15 g L-1 NaCl was 4 h, and 5 min at a concentration of 25 g L-1. The mortality of fish with 15 g L-1 NaCl was 100%. Morphological analyses of the gills showed hyperplasia of the coated cells in the interlamellar space and hypersecretion of mucus in fish exposed to 10 g L-1 of NaCl. At concentrations of 20 and 25 g L-1, necrosis of the support collagen caused the cells to detach from the lamellar structure mucosa. In the chronic test, two concentrations were used, with four replications containing nine fish in each aquarium for a period of 21 days. Blood samples and gills from the fish were collected, and it was observed that the fish showed a decrease in the concentration of bicarbonate (NaHCO3) in the blood, indicating hypernatremia. Acute exposure of C. auratus to sodium chloride (NaCl) should be at a maximum of 10 g L-1 of NaCl, after which level there would be a loss in animal performance and/or mortality. Chronic exposure to 5 g L-1 of NaCl promotes acidemia, ionic imbalance, and pathological changes in the gills; therefore, it is not recommended.


2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (24) ◽  
pp. 9998-10001
Author(s):  
Guilherme P. Campos ◽  
Gabriel B. Báfero ◽  
Heloise O. Pastore

Vapor adsorption experiments support the catalytic results of H-[Al]-magadiite and H-[Al]-RUB-18, once the interlamellar space swell and accommodate substrate molecules.


Nanomaterials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Burguete ◽  
José Morales ◽  
Lorenzo Fernández ◽  
Jamal El Haskouri ◽  
Julio Latorre ◽  
...  

Mesostructured layered silicas have been prepared through a surfactant-assisted procedure using neutral alkylamines as templates and starting from atrane complexes as hydrolytic inorganic precursors. By adjusting the synthetic parameters, this kinetically controlled reproducible one-pot method allows for obtaining both pure and functionalized (inorganic or organically) lamellar silica frameworks. These are easily deconstructed and built up again, which provides a simple way for expanding the interlamellar space. The materials present high dispersibility, which results in stable colloidal suspensions.


2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 4054-4058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinlin Yin ◽  
Honghan Fei

We have synthesized a cationic 2-D [Sb2O2(OH)]+ layered architecture with linear α,ω-alkanedisulfonate anions residing in the interlamellar space. This material displays a chemical robustness under highly acidic aqueous conditions (pH 1), as well as Lewis acidity for both cyanosilylation and ketalization of carbonyl substrates.


Clay Minerals ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balázs Zsirka ◽  
Erzsébet Horváth ◽  
Éva Makó ◽  
Róbert Kurdi ◽  
János Kristóf

AbstractClay-based nanostructures were prepared from kaolinites of varying structural order by two different methods. In the first method the kaolinite-urea precursor, obtained by dry grinding, was intercalated further with triethanolamine and the tetraalkylammonium salt was synthesized in the interlamellar space. Exfoliation was achieved by the use of sodium polyacrylate (PAS). In the second method, the kaolinite-potassium acetate (kaolinite-KAc) precursor, obtained via two different methods, was intercalated further with ethylene glycol (EG) and then n-hexylamine (HA). Intercalation with EG was also achieved by heating either directly or with microwaves. The morphology that results depends on the method of precursor preparation, the method of heat treatment and the degree of structural order of the original clay. Higher structural order facilitates the formation of a tubular morphology, while mechanical treatment and microwave agitation may result in broken tubes. Molecular mechanical (MM) calculations showed that organo-complexes may be exfoliated to a d value of 10–11 Å.


2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa Ammar ◽  
Walid Oueslati ◽  
Nejmeddine Chorfi ◽  
Hafsia Ben Rhaiem

Interlamellar space organization of low-charge montmorillonite was studied by modeling of X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns recorded under controlled relative humidity (RH) conditions on Ni saturated specimens. The quantitative XRD investigation, based on an indirect method consisting of the comparison of experimental00lreflections with the other calculated from structural models, is used to characterize eventual nanostructural changes alongc*axis of Ni-exchanged montmorillonite. This method allowed us to determine, respectively, the relative layer types contribution, the layer thickness, nanoconfiguration of the interlamellar space, and position, amount, and organization of water molecules and exchangeable cations. Obtained theoretical models exhibit heterogeneous hydration state which is the dominating character detected all over studied cycles. Along RH cycle a modification in the main structure of the host materials is performed and the presence of a mixed layer structure (MLS) is noted. The hydration hysteresis at the low and the high RH range can be explained by fluctuations in the water retention mechanism and hydration heterogeneities created within the smectite crystallite.


2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katayoon Kalantari ◽  
Mansor B. Ahmad ◽  
Kamyar Shameli ◽  
Mohd Zobir Bin Hussein ◽  
Roshanak Khandanlou ◽  
...  

Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) were synthesized using chemical coprecipitation method. Fe3O4-NPs are located in interlamellar space and external surfaces of montmorillonite (MMT) as a solid supported at room temperature. The size of magnetite nanoparticles could be controlled by varying the amount of NaOH as reducing agent in the medium. The interlamellar space changed from 1.24 nm to 2.85 nm and average diameter of Fe3O4nanoparticles was from 12.88 nm to 8.24 nm. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using some instruments such as transmission electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.


2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (S2) ◽  
pp. S284-S300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa Ammar ◽  
Walid Oueslati ◽  
Hafsia Ben Rhaiem ◽  
Abdesslem Ben Haj Amara

This work aims to investigate the hydration behavior and structural properties of two dioctahedral smectites with contrasting location charge (beidellite SbId-1 and montmorillonite SWy-2) according to the nature of the bivalent compensator heavy metal cations (i.e. Hg (II), Ni (II), Ba (II) and Mg (II)). This study is achieved using XRD profile modeling approach based on the simulation of the 00l reflection which allowed us to determine structural characteristics along the c* axis related to the nature, abundance, size, position and organization of exchangeable cation and water molecule in the interlamellar space along the c* axis. The obtained results show that a heterogeneous hydration behavior is systematically observed in all studied samples and the structural models, used to fit samples with tetrahedral charge, are more heterogeneous than smectite with an octahedral sheets substitution. In the case of exchanged beidellite specimen, the proposed models are described by a mixed layer structure with variable abundance containing respectively, dehydrated (0W), mono-hydrated (1W) and bihydrated (2W) layers. Whereas, in the case of the montmorillonite, the absence of 0W hydration state is noted.


ChemInform ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (50) ◽  
pp. no-no
Author(s):  
Krishnamoorthy Jayaraman ◽  
Amitava Choudhury ◽  
Ramanathan Vaidhyanathan ◽  
C. N. R. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Na Ions ◽  

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