Cutoff rigidity and particle trajectories online calculator

Over the years, many authors have developed unique software packages for calculating the geomagnetic cut- off rigidities and the asymptotic directions of particle arrival. Such programs are used for mass calculations and require some skill. However, it is often necessary to carry out single calculations with the same accu- racy. For this purpose, calculator programs have been created on the basis of already developed software packages. One of such programs, a calculator, is described in this work.

Sub-weekly cycle uncovers the hidden link of 1 atmospheric pollution to Kawasaki Disease

Anthropogenic pollution has frequently been linked to myriad human ailments despite clear mechanistic links are yet lacking, a fact that severely downgraded its actual relevance. Now a prominent unnoticed sub-weekly cycle (SWC) of 3.5 days is uncovered in the long-term epidemiological records of Kawasaki disease (KD) in Japan, a mysterious vasculitis of yet unknown origin. After ruling out the effect of reporting biases, the analysis of Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) atmospheric profiles further confirms that this variability is linked to atmospheric particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 1 micron. SWC accounts for 20% of the variance in KD and its contribution is stable throughout the entire epidemiological record dating back to 1970, both at the prefecture level and for entire Japan. KD maxima in 2010-2016 always occur in full synchrony with LIDAR particle arrival in diverse locations such as Tokyo, Toyama and Tsukuba as well as for the entire of Japan. Rapid intrusion of aerosols from heights up to 6km to the surface is observed with KD admissions co-varying with their metal chemical composition. While regional intensity of winds has not changed in the interval 1979-2015, our study instead points for the first time to increased anthropogenic pollution as a necessary co-factor in the occurrence of KD and sets the field to associate other similar human vasculitis.

Studies of the UHECR Mass Composition and Hadronic Interactions with the FD and SD of the Pierre Auger Observatory

With data on the depth of maximum Xmax collected during more than a decade of operation of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we report on the inferences on the mass composition of UHECRs in the energy range E = 1017.2 – 1019.6 eV and on the measurements of the proton-air cross section for energies up to 1018.5 eV. We also present the results on Xmax obtained using the information on the particle arrival times recorded by the SD stations allowing us to extend the Xmax measurements up to 1020 eV. The inferences on mass composition, in particular using the data of the SD, are subject to systematic uncertainties due to uncertainties in the description of hadronic interactions at ultra-high energies. We discuss this problem with respect to the properties of the muonic component of extensive air-showers as derived from the SD data.

HT-KZ detector system: R&D considerations and prototype performance

Following the experience with the Horizon-10T detector systems, a completely new detector of Extensive Air Showers (EAS) has been designed to be built at Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan. The motivation of building HorizonT-Kazakhstan is to study in detail the phenomenon of the multi-modal EAS events that were initially explored by Horizon-8T and 10T detector systems. This detector will have a ns-level resolution of charged particle arrival times and pulse shape resolution. Each detection point is designed to have a total scintillation area approximately equal to 7.7 m2 and consists of three 1.6×1.6 m detectors located in a triangular arrangement for the local determination of the EAS disk arrival direction, and to have ns precision in timing between points. Local arrival direction is important following evidence of large angle differences in the multimodal events seen previously.

Detection of Cosmic-Ray Ensembles with CREDO

One of the main objectives of cosmic-ray studies are precise measurements of the energy and chemical composition of particles with extreme energies. Large and sophisticated detectors are used to find events seen as showers starting in the Earth's atmosphere with recorded energies larger than 100 EeV. However, a Cosmic-Ray Ensemble (CRE) developing before reaching the Earth as a bunch of correlated particles may spread over larger areas and requires an extended set of detectors to be discovered. The Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) is a solution to find such phenomena. Even simple detectors measuring the particle arrival time only are useful in this approach, as they are sufficient both to provide candidate CRE events and to determine the direction from which they are arriving.

ANALYSIS OF THE MACRO EXPERIMENT DATA TO COMPARE PARTICLE ARRIVAL TIMES UNDER GRAN SASSO

The claim of a neutrino velocity different from the speed of the light, made in September 2011 by the Opera experiment, suggested the study of the time delays between TeV underground muons in the Gran Sasso laboratory using the old data of the MACRO experiment, ended in 2000. This study can also give hints on new physics in the particle cascade produced by the interaction of a cosmic ray with the atmosphere.

TIME-OF-ARRIVAL OPERATOR WITHIN SPACE-TIME APPROACH TO QUANTUM MECHANICS

In this paper we consider the time as a dynamical variable. In particular we apply the time operator to an example of the particle arrival problem within two-dimensional space–time.

Integrating surface georadar and crosshole radar tomography: A validation experiment in braided stream deposits

We have used a combination of surface ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) profiling, crosshole radar tomography, and natural gamma‐ray logging to characterize a gravelly braided stream deposit. In a gravel pit, we conducted a survey using 300‐MHz surface GPR, 250‐MHz crosshole radar, and densely sampled gamma‐ray logging at single‐borehole locations. After excavation, we validated the geophysical results by comparison with the sedimentological and hydrogeological information obtained from the corresponding outcrop wall. We found the visual lithofacies boundaries agreed very well with the images provided by applied geophysical techniques. Our results illustrate how GPR reflector images are improved using tomographic velocity information. In addition, the structural interpretation of tomographic velocity fields is guided by the GPR reflector images in combination with natural gamma‐ray logging results. Groundwater flow and transport modeling was also performed on different subsurface models. The hydrogeological response of parameter distributions derived from a digitized outcrop image are compared with the response of a parameter field derived from the combined geophysical data and with the response of a simple block interpolation between the boreholes. Comparison of cumulative particle arrival times (breakthrough curves) indicates that the characterization of an appropriate real aquifer would benefit from incorporating high‐resolution geophysical data into the analysis.