A Potential-Induced Transformation in the Double Electrical Layer on the Rhenium Electrode in Alkali Chloride Melts

Structural transformations in the adsorption layer caused by an electric potential are investigated using the experimental data on the capacitance of a double electric layer for a rhenium electrode in molten sodium, potassium and cesium chlorides at 1093 K. Likening the double electric layer to a flat capacitor, as well as the effective length of the shielding of the electrode charge and changes in the charge sign depending on the applied potential are estimated. It is found that near the minimum potential of the capacitance curve, the shielding length decreases proportionally to the square of the potential due to the deformation of the double layer. The deformation reaches critical values at the potentials of −0.65, −0.38 and −0.40 V for the Re|NaCl, Re|KCl and Re|CsCl systems respectively, and decreases sharply at more positive potentials. The analysis of the dependence of the charge density on the electrode revealed the effect of shielding of potential-induced rhenium cations by salt phase anions. The strong Raman-active Re–Cl stretching mode was observed at 292 cm−1. This can be explained by the transfer of anions across the interface resulting in the formation of ordered layers of ion associations (possibly, ReXn(n − 1)−) on a positively charged surface.

Unusual Phenomenon of Forced Heat Exchange Taking Place during Quenching Silver Probe in Cold Electrolyte

It is shown in the paper that forced heat transfer exchange during quenching silver probes in cold electrolytes is explained by periodical replacement of short film boiling process by shock boiling. The frequency of such process is very high that increases cardinally heat transfer exchange. This phenomenon doesn’t fit contemporary theory concerning nucleate boiling processes and needs further careful investigations. The reason for existing periodical process is a double boundary electrical layer where are acting increased electrical forces during quenching in electrolytes. In contrast of quenching steel, silver generates higher heat flux density during quenching; however full film boiling cannot be developed due to presence of high electrical forces in a double electrical layer caused by increased electrical conductivity of silver. The discovered phenomenon can be used in the practice in the future after its careful investigation to force heat transfer exchange by external electrical forces to eliminate any film boiling process during batch quenching.

PENGARUH VARIASI TEMPERATUR TERHADAP KETEBALAN LAPISAN PERMUKAAN DENGAN ELECTROPLATING PADA STAY MAIN PIPE SIDE COVER

Various items of jewelry, crafts, motorcycle parts, automobile and equipment manufacturers need a final touchthrough the electrical layer electroplating technology. The coatings intended to improve the surface of the object, sothat the more brilliant, shiny, resistant to corrosion, and the objects surface become harder. Electroplating is ametal coating on a conductive solid objects with the aid of electric current, where its process is used to manipulatethe nature of a subtrate by coating with other metals. The coated metal is shaped already on SPCC plate of SuzukiSmash motor vehicle parts, namely stay main pipe side cover. The metal used in electroplating coating is zinc. Thistest uses a plate SPCC specimens, amounting to 4 pieces. In the implementation of the electroplating coating using avariation of temperature 20 0C, 28 0C, 35 0C and 45 0 C. The research results showed that the electroplating processat a temperature of 28 0C to produce the coating thickness of 23 μm. The violence of hard coating is found at thetemperature of 28 0C with violence of 135.6 kg / mm 2. The micro structure of the surface layer is uneven, and thereare fine black holes. The corrosion resistance is obtained for quite good electroplating layer at the variationtemperatures of 28 0C and 35 0C with Area Failed Rating Number 9 ie (0% -1%).

Electromagnetic Induction and Relativistic Double Layer: Mechanism for Ball Lightning Formation

What is the probability that ball lightning (BL) is a real phenomenon of nature? The answer depends on your prior information. If you are one of those lucky men who had a close encounter with a BL and escaped unscathed, your probability that it is real equals, of course, unity. On the other hand, if you are a theoretical physicist deeply involved in the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion, your probability is likely to be zero. In this study, an attempt is being made to raise the likelihood of reality of BL phenomenon for everyone, plasma physicists included. BL is conceived here as highly structured formation of air, at roughly atmospheric pressure, with a set of nested sheaths, each of which is a double electrical layer with voltage drop in the order of 100 kV.

STUDY ON ELECTROKINETIC PARAMETERS OF COMPOSITE COAGULANTS-FLOCCULANTS

In this work the electrokinetic parameters of composite coagulants-flocculants based on combination of polyaluminum chloride (aluminum oxychloride) and organic polymers were studied systematically. The experimental results, obtained by the streaming current and electrophoresis methods, witness that the combination of polyaluminum chloride and cationic organic polymer can effectively enhance the charge neutrality capacity. The results obtained directly indicate that after the combination of polyaluminum chloride and cationic organic polymer, the positive charge of suspended particles obviously enhances, and the ability of double electrical layer on solid surface with negative charge improves. The most important factor is that the charge neutrality capacity of composite coagulant is stronger, thus, in comparison with polyaluminum chloride efficiency, the efficiency of composite reagent is higher. Moreover, due to the existence of long molecular chain, adding cationic organic polymer into polyaluminum chloride can enhance the bridging coagulation between its particulate matters. The experimental results indicate that if to combine polyaluminum chloride with natural cationic organic polymer - chitin and industrial cationic organic polymer product C109P, its electric charge can be largely enhanced This fact undoubtedly deserves attention when developing compositions of coagulants-flocculants to improve their ability to charge neutrality in the processes of coagulation and agglomeration of suspended particles. When executing experiment on the use of anionic organic polymers, the regulation of the coagulation-flocculation theory that the main function of an anionic organic polymer in a composite reagent is the function of a bridge between solid particles was taken as a basis. At the same time, an effective influence on this property of the system can hardly lead to a decrease in the ability to neutralize the charge of polyaluminium chloride. Experimental data relating to the study of the composition reagent containing polyaluminium chloride and industrial anionic organic polymer products AH200P and AN910SH, confirm the fact that this combination does not reduce the ability to neutralize the charge.

Radiation-induced separation and accumulation of electric charge in supercapacitors

In current sources with a radioactive isotope (CSRI), nuclear energy is directly converted into electricity due to the separation of electric charges during the decay of radioactive isotopes. It was previously shown that asymmetric supercapacitors can be used as CSRI prototypes if, after being exposed to pulsed reactor irradiation, the electric charge on their plates increases to several coulombs as a result of internal induced activity. In this paper, the electric charge separation and accumulation in supercapacitors were studied directly in the process of neutron irradiation. The study was focused on the electrophysical characteristics of cylindrical supercapacitors with an organic electrolyte produced by JSC “ELEKOND”. A comparison of symmetric and asymmetric supercapacitors showed that an effective charge accumulation occurs in the asymmetric capacitors: it is independent of the neutron flux density and determined by the absorbed radiation dose. The electrical voltage between the plates of a symmetrical supercapacitor with a capacity of 100 F during irradiation up to an absorbed dose of 50 Gy reaches 1.24 mV. When asymmetric supercapacitors are irradiated with the same dose, a significant increase in the potential difference up to 1.15 V is observed during irradiation and for a long time afterwards (1.5·105 s) due to the electric charge redistribution (~ 5·10–3 C) in the electrolyte and carbon particles with the formation of a double electrical layer. The post-radiation increase in the capacity of asymmetric supercapacitors is ~ 5 mF.