Greening the Compensation Design and Management of the Human Resource Function

There is a rising necessity for the incorporation of environmental management into human resource management (HRM) practices. This attempt is recognized as the Green HRM initiative. An organization's human resource function can be powerful in aiding an all-inclusive approach to building a culture of sustainability. The strategy entails executing transformations to the diverse functions of HR like determining employee compensation. Gaps continue to exist in the literature on the green aspects of compensation and reward systems. This chapter considers the environmental management features of the compensation and reward system and factors a mould of the procedures entailed in green compensation and reward system. it cores on examining green reward management systems practices from the standpoint of subsisting research in the area and proposes inventive process moulds in green reward management systems. The green reward management system is presented as a smart and superior method of reward management systems.

Appreciative Learning for Immersive Reward System in Education Game Development

Game replayability is very important in serious game to maximize the understanding for the learning content. The replayability is the result from the gameplay experience. Games have the advantage of providing a fun experience, and immersion is a vital element in game design to produce the experience. However, the design of immersion in games is often not well conceptualized so that it does not produce the expected experience. This study uses Appreciative Learning based reward system, which focuses on positive things such as peak achievements, opportunities, exploration of potential and optimism for the future. The reward activity consists of four stages, namely Discovery, Dream, Design and Destiny. Reward personalization is done by regulating reward behavior using artificial intelligence which runs in all four stages. Appreciative Learning will be used to design immersive experiences consisting of sensory, imaginary and challenge-based immersion, which are the three main elements of immersive games. Intelligent agent behavior is modeled using the Finite State Machine. This study produces an immersive reward design that is applied to the concept of Appreciative Learning in designing a serious game.

The Effect of Job Stress and Reward System on Organizational Commitment and Employee Performance

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between job stress and reward systems on organizational commitment and employee performance. The subjects in this study were employees in manager level, namely IPOMS (Indonesian Production and Operation Management Society) with 119 respondents. The data collection method is done by distributing questionnaires using an interval scale of 1 to 7 and using data analysis methods Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) – Partial Least Square (PLS). The result showed that there is no significant relationship between work stress and organizational commitment, there is a significant relationship and positive between reward system and organizational commitment, there is no significant relationship between work stress and employee performance, there is no significant relationship between reward system and organizational commitment, there is a significant relationship and positive between organizational commitment and employee performance.

Experience of Science Teachers in Practicing Rewards System to Increase Students’ Participation in Class

The study aimed to determine the Experience of Science teachers’ in practicing rewards system to increase student’s participation in class. A qualitative - phenomenology research design was adopted in this study. Interview guide question was used to examine the Experience of Science teachers’ in practicing rewards system to increase student’s participation in class. Data was collected through an interview. Total of 10 teachers were selected as a sample from 8 secondary schools in the Botolan District. The results of this study showed that reward system is effective in the performance of the students and encouragement to give the students good motivation in the learning process. Most of the participant find the rewards system as an effective tool in increasing student’s participation. Recognition such as giving praise and compliments is the usual form of rewards given by the teacher. In addition to extra grades, scores and test or homework exemptions. Preferred rewards of the teachers aside from giving praise and additional grades, are useful rewards such as school supplies, candies, and other food treats. Effective motivation of the student’s in participating in learning activities is the foreseen effects of rewards system.

Evaluation of weight, caloric intake, and behavior of rats after bilateral ablation of the nucleus accumbens shell

Introduction: Deep brain stimulation and ablation of certain regions of the brain are being widely used in research aiming to link some region of the cortex with certain psychiatric disorders. The nucleus accumbens, for example, belonging to the basal ganglia, responsible for modulating the reward system and limbic-motor integration, according to studies, is related to the pathophysiology of alterations in neurotransmitters and neuronal connections in anorexia nervosa. Research in animals and humans reinforces this theory. Objective: To evaluate whether even in healthy rats, it is possible to observe changes in eating patterns and behavior that would justify such relationship. Materials and methods: A total of 24 female Wistar rats were randomly divided into experimental group (n=20) and control group (n=4). The rats in the experimental group underwent surgery with bilateral ablation of the nucleus accumbens shell using a stereotactic-guided radiofrequency needle. After surgery, the rats had their weights and caloric intake measured daily. Their behavior was empirically observed and then compared with that exhibited by the control group. Results: Regarding behavioral changes, it was observed an exaggerated increase in grooming, sniffing, searching/exploration, and avoidance/escape. Aggressiveness was present in only one animal of the experimental group. Regarding weight gain and caloric intake, a statistically significant relationship was found between them in relation to the time after the surgical intervention, when comparing the experimental and control groups. Discussion/Conclusion: In this study we investigated whether even in healthy rats, performing an inhibition – ablation of the Nucleus Accumbens – would cause an increase in caloric intake and consequently weight of the rats, and whether the procedure would cause changes in their behavior. From the results obtained we can infer that such assumption is true. Moreover, other research, both in humans and animals, support the data and the connection of the Nucleus Accumbens given by the reward system, to psychiatric disorders, in this case, anorexia nervosa. More investigations are necessary to further elucidate such interactions and consequences.

Disrupted functional connectivity of the brain reward system in substance use problems: a meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies

ABSTRACTImportanceExtensive literature suggests that the brain reward system is crucial in understanding the neurobiology of substance use disorders. However, across studies on substance use problems, evidence of reliable disruptions in functional connectivity is limited.ObjectiveTo uncover deficient functional connectivity with the brain reward system that are reliably associated with substance use problems, by meta-analytically synthesizing results of functional brain connectivity studies on substance use problems.Data SourcesIdentification of relevant functional brain connectivity studies on substance misuse was done using PubMed, Google Scholar and EMBASE (until September 2021) with the following terms: cannabis, cocaine, substance, methamphetamine, amphetamine, alcohol, tobacco, nicotine, functional connectivity, resting-state, task-based connectivity, psychophysiological interaction.Study SelectionGuidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses were followed, Publications were included if they reported stereotactic coordinates of functional brain connectivity results on individuals with substance use problems without a comorbid major mental illness or organic impairment.Data Extraction and SynthesisSpatially convergent brain regions across functional connectivity studies on subjects with substance use problems were analyzed using Activation Likelihood Estimation meta-analysis.Altered connectivity with regions of the brain reward system was performed carried out through voxelwise seed-based meta-analyses. Subanalyses were performed to examine mediating factors such as severity of illness, connectivity modalities and types of substances.Main Outcomes and MeasuresIdentification of deficits in functional brain connectivity with the reward system across studies on substance use problems.ResultsNinety-six studies using a seed-based connectivity approach were included, representing 5757 subjects with substance use problems. In subjects with substance use problems, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex exhibited hyperconnectivity with the ventral striatum, and hypoconnectivity with the amygdala and hippocampus. Executive striatum showed hyperconnectivity with motor thalamus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and hypoconnectivity with anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula. Finally, the limbic striatum was found to be hyperconnected to the orbitofrontal cortex, and hypoconnected to the precuneus, compared to healthy subjects.Conclusions and RelevanceThe current study provided meta-analytical evidence of deficient functional connectivity between brain regions of the reward system and cortico-striato-thalamocortical loops in addiction, in line with current influential neurobiological models. These results are consistent with deficits in motivation and habit formation occurring in addiction, and they also highlight alterations in brain regions involved in socio-emotional processing and attention salience.KEY POINTSQuestionWhat functional brain connectivities with the brain reward system are reliably disrupted across studies on substance use problems?FindingsSubjects with substance use problems exhibited deficient connectivity between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and subcortical structures including the ventral striatum, amygdala, and hippocampus. Executive striatum showed hyperconnectivity with motor thalamus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and hypoconnectivity with anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula. Altered connectivity between limbic striatum and core regions of the default mode network was also observed.MeaningDeficient functional brain connectivity along the cortico-striato-thalamocortical loops may reflect deficits in habit formation, socio-emotional and salience processing in addiction.