Transfer of Terms in Formation of Modern Terminological Systems

The article analyzes the two terms, which have become extremely popular in cultural linguistics, the transfer and the code, as well as the possibility of their use; the fact of transfer origin is the most important trend in the formation of terminological systems. Сultural transfer is the process of transferring knowledge between different cultures, professional communities and discourses. The methodology of transfers implies the identification of mechanisms for the “cultural transfer of meanings.” The problem of the convertibility of knowledge between different cultural practices and areas of humanitarian knowledge (philosophy, semiotics, linguistics, philology, ethnography, etc.) arises in connection with the synthesis of knowledge, their penetration from one area to another. In this regard, the general humanitarian theory of the “cultural transfer”, which was developed in the 80s by French historians and literary scholars M. Espan and M. Werner, is becoming a promising approach to the analysis of interscientific interactions in a globalized scientific and cultural space. Now the term is widely used in such areas of scientific knowledge as translation theory, psychology, history, linguistics, banking, tourism, economics, educational environment, politics, management, etc. Transfserization of terms is one of the most productive ways of creating a terminology system for linguoculturology. The formation of a metalanguage of 11 such an integrative discipline as linguoculturology has its own specifics, which can be described as an interdisciplinary transfer in the course of which the various terms that lead to their development in a new scientific environment are conjugated and correlated. As a result, an important scientific idea about the holistic reflection, born of the integrated knowledge about the interaction of a person, his consciousness, culture and language, ripens.

Genetic and Functional Analyses of the mob Operon on Conjugative Transposon CTn341 from Bacteroides spp.

ABSTRACT Bacteroides are Gram-negative anaerobes indigenous to the intestinal tract of humans, and they are important opportunistic pathogens. Mobile genetic elements, such as conjugative transposons (CTns), have contributed to an increase in antibiotic resistance in these organisms. CTns are self-transmissible elements that belong to the superfamily of integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs). CTn341 is 52 kb; it encodes tetracycline resistance and its transfer is induced by tetracycline. The mobilization region of CTn341 was shown to be comprised of a three-gene operon, mobABC, and the transfer origin, oriT. The three genes code for a nicking accessory protein, a relaxase, and a VirD4-like coupling protein, respectively. The Mob proteins were predicted to mediate the formation of the relaxosome complex, nick DNA at the oriT, and shuttle the DNA/protein complex to the mating-pore apparatus. The results of mutational studies indicated that the three genes are required for maximal transfer of CTn341. Mob gene transcription was induced by tetracycline, and this regulation was mediated through the two-component regulatory system, RteAB. The oriT region of CTn341 was located within 100 bp of mobA, and a putative Bacteroides consensus nicking site was observed within this region. Mutation of the putative nick site resulted in a loss of transfer. This study demonstrated a role of the mobilization region for transfer of Bacteroides CTns and that tetracycline induction occurs for the mob gene operon, as for the tra gene operon(s), as shown previously.

Complete Sequence of the Enterocin Q-Encoding Plasmid pCIZ2 from the Multiple Bacteriocin Producer Enterococcus faecium L50 and Genetic Characterization of Enterocin Q Production and Immunity

ABSTRACT The locations of the genetic determinants for enterocin L50 (EntL50A and EntL50B), enterocin Q (EntQ), and enterocin P (EntP) in the multiple bacteriocin producer Enterococcus faecium strain L50 were determined. These bacteriocin genes occur at different locations; entL50AB (encoding EntL50A and EntL50B) are on the 50-kb plasmid pCIZ1, entqA (encoding EntQ) is on the 7.4-kb plasmid pCIZ2, and entP (encoding EntP) is on the chromosome. The complete nucleotide sequence of pCIZ2 was determined to be 7,383 bp long and contains 10 putative open reading frames (ORFs) organized in three distinct regions. The first region contains three ORFs: entqA preceded by two divergently oriented genes, entqB and entqC. EntqB shows high levels of similarity to bacterial ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, while EntqC displays no significant similarity to any known protein. The second region encompasses four ORFs (orf4 to orf7), and ORF4 and ORF5 display high levels of similarity to mobilization proteins from E. faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. In addition, features resembling a transfer origin region (oriT) were found in the promoter area of orf4. The third region contains three ORFs (orf8 to orf10), and ORF8 and ORF9 exhibit similarity to the replication initiator protein RepE from E. faecalis and to RepB proteins, respectively. To clarify the minimum requirement for EntQ synthesis, we subcloned and heterologously expressed a 2,371-bp fragment from pCIZ2 that encompasses only the entqA, entqB, and entqC genes in Lactobacillus sakei, and we demonstrated that this fragment is sufficient for EntQ production. Moreover, we also obtained experimental results indicating that EntqB is involved in ABC transporter-mediated EntQ secretion, while EntqC confers immunity to this bacteriocin.