Lipoprotein Profile in Populations from Regions of the Russian Federation: ESSE-RF Study

This study aimed to describe the dyslipidemia prevalence and pattern among adult populations from different regions (n = 13) of the Russian Federation (RF). Randomly selected samples (n = 22,258, aged 25–64) were studied according to the ESSE-RF protocol. Lipoprotein parameters were estimated by routine methods. Statistical analyses were performed using R software (v.3.5.1). The overall dyslipidemia prevalence was 76.1% (76.9/75.3% for men/women). In women, total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-C levels gradually increased with age (from 4.72 to 5.93 and from 2.76 to 3.79 mmol/L, respectively); in men, they reached a maximum by 45–54 (5.55 and 3.55 mmol/L, respectively) and then decreased. No differences in high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C in men of different ages were found, but slight decreases in HDL-C and apo AI were observed in women by 55–64 years. No pronounced associations between education and lipid levels in men were observed; higher-educated women showed significantly better lipoprotein profiles. Similar associations between lipids and income level were detected. Women from rural areas had higher TC and triglycerides than urban residents. Regardless of sex, rural residents had higher HDL-C and apo AI, and reduced apo B/apo AI. Conclusion: Information on the peculiarities of dyslipidemia prevalence and lipoprotein profile depending on sex, age, residential place, and socioeconomic status is useful for assessing the global ASCVD risk, and for risk modeling based on national data.

Serum apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 ratio in relation to intervertebral disk herniation: a cross-sectional frequency-matched case–control study

Study design This was a cross-sectional frequency-matched case–control study. Background and aim The serum lipid profile of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] level and apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 ratio (Apo B/Apo A1) ratio were found to be more representative for serum lipid level and were recognized as the independent risk factors for various diseases. Although the blood levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were found to be associated with symptomatic intervertebral disk herniation (IDH), no studies to date have evaluated the association of Apo AI, Apo B, Lp(a), and Apo B/Apo AI levels with symptomatic IDH. This study aimed to assess the link between blood lipid levels and symptomatic IDH. Method The study included 1839 Chinese patients. Of these, 918 patients were diagnosed with IDH and enrolled in the experimental group. A control group of 921 patients underwent a physical examination during the same period. The serum lipid levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, Lp(a), Apo B, and Apo B/Apo AI were examined and analyzed. The control group comprised randomly selected patients who met the baseline levels of the aforementioned lipid molecules. Results Patients with IDH exhibited significantly higher TC, TG, LDL, Apo B, and Lp(a) levels than controls. The percentage of high TC, high TG, high LDL, high Apo B, and high Lp(a) were obviously higher in the IDH group than in the control group. However, hyperlipidemia had no relationship with the degenerated segment of the IDH (P = 0.201). The odds ratio (OR) for the incidence of IDH with elevated levels of LDL-C, TC, TG, Lp(a), Apo B, and Apo B/Apo AI was 1.583, 1.74, 1.62, 1.58, 1.49, and 1.39, respectively. The correlation analysis revealed the correlation between elevated LDL-C, TC, TG, Apo B, Lp(a), and incidence of IDH was significant (R2LDL = 0.017; R2TC = 0.004; R2TG = 0.015; R2Apo B = 0.004; R2Lp(a) = 0.021) (P < 0.05). Conclusion This study suggested that elevated levels of serum TC, TG, LDL, Apo B, Lp(a), and Apo B/Apo AI were associated with a higher risk of IDH. This study provided useful information to identify a population that might be at risk of developing IDH based on elevated lipid levels.

Serum Apolipoprotein B/Apolipoprotein A1 Ratio In Relation To Intervertebral Disc Herniation: A Cross-Sectional Frequency-Matched Case-Control Study

Study Design:A cross-sectional frequency-matched case-control studyObjective: In recent decades, the serum lipid profile of apolipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) level and apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 ratio (Apo B/ApoA1) ratio were found more representative for serum lipid level and were recognized as the independent risk factors for various diseases. Although the serum lipid levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were found associated with symptomatic intervertebral disc herniation (IDH), no studies have been conducted to date for the evaluation of the association of Apo AI, Apo B, Lp(a) and Apo B/Apo AI levels with symptomatic IDH.Method: A total of 1,839 Chinese patients were recruited in the present study. 918 patients were diagnosed as IDH cases and were enrolled in the experimental group. A control group of 921 patients underwent a physical examination during the same period. The serum lipid levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, Lp(a), Apo B and Apo B/Apo AI were examined and analyzed. The patients in the control group were collected randomly from patients who were matched with the baseline levels of the aforementioned lipid molecular.Results: The patients with IDH exhibited significantly higher TC, TG, LDL, Apo B and Lp(a) levels compared with the control subjects. The percentage of high-TC, high-TG, high-LDL, high-Apo B and high-Lp(a) were significantly higher in the IDH group. However, hyperlipidaemia was not associated with the degenerated segment of the IDH (P=0.201). The odds ratios (OR) for the incidence of IDH with an elevated LDL-C, TC, TG, Lp(a), Apo B and Apo B/Apo AI were 1.583, 1.74, 1.62, 1.58, 1.49 and 1.39, respectively. The correlation analysis revealed the correlation between elevated LDL-C, TC, TG, Apo B, Lp(a) and incidence of IDH was significant (R2LDL=0.017; R2TC=0.004; R2TG=0.015; R2Apo B=0.004; R2LP(a)=0.021) (P<0.05).Conclusion:The present study suggests that elevated levels of serum TC, TG, LDL, Apo B, Lp(a) and Apo B/Apo AI are associated with a higher risk for IDH.

Relationship Between Hyperuricemia and Apolipoprotein AI in Chinese Healthy People: a Cohort Study

Background: Hyperuricemia is an independent risk factor for various cardiovascular diseases. However the association of plasma uric acid and Apolipoprotein AI among Chinese healthy people is still unclear.Aims: To evaluate the relationship between blood uric acid and Apolipoprotein AI level in Chinese healthy people. Method; A total of 3501 normal healthy subjects who were undergone physical examination were divided into hyperuricemia (HUA) group and normouricemia (NUA) group.Result: Apo AI (1.33±0.21 vs. 1.47±0.26) and HDL-c (1.12±0.27 vs. 1.36±0.33)decreased significantly in HUA group than NUA group. LDL-C(2.81±0.77 vs. 2.69±0.73),Apo B(0.96±0.20 vs. 0.89±0.20), FBG(5.48±0.48 vs. 5.36±0.48) and HOMA-IR(2.75（1.92-3.91）vs. 2.18（1.50-3.12）) was significantly higher in HAU group than NUA group. Increased plasma UA was correlated with decreased HDL-c(r=-0.289, P<0.01 ) and Apo AI(r=-0.236, p<0.01) .Conclusion: Hyperuricemia was associated with decreased plasma Apolipoprotein AI and HDL-c. Inhibiting Apolipoprotein AI may be one of the mechanisms of UA involved in the progression of cardiovascular disease.

Serum Apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 Ratio in Relation to Intervertebral Disc Herniation : A Cross-sectional Frequency-Matched Case-Control Study

BackgroundIn recent decades, the serum lipid profile of apolipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) level and apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 ratio (Apo B/ApoA1) ratio were found more representative for serum lipid level and were recognized as the independent risk factors for various diseases. Although the serum lipid levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were found associated with symptomatic IDH, no studies have been conducted to date for the evaluation of the association of Apo AI, Apo B, Lp(a) and Apo B/Apo AI levels with symptomatic IDH.MaterialsA total of 1,839 Chinese patients were recruited in the present study. 918 patients were diagnosed as IDH cases and were enrolled in the experimental group. A control group of 921 patients underwent a physical examination during the same period. The serum lipid levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, Lp(a), Apo B and Apo B/Apo AI were examined and analyzed.ResultsThe patients in the control group were collected randomly from patients who were matched with the baseline levels of the aforementioned lipid molecular. The patients with IDH exhibited significantly higher TC, TG, LDL, Apo B and Lp(a) levels compared with the control subjects. The percentage of high-TC, high-TG, high-LDL, high-Apo B and high-Lp(a) were significantly higher in the IDH group. However, hyperlipidaemia was not associated with the degenerated segment of the IDH (P=0.201). The odds ratios (OR) for the incidence of IDH with an elevated LDL-C, TC, TG, Lp(a), Apo B and Apo B/Apo AI were 1.583, 1.74, 1.62, 1.58, 1.49 and 1.39, respectively. The correlation analysis revealed the correlation between elevated LDL-C, TC, TG, Apo B, Lp(a) and incidence of IDH was significant (R2LDL=0.017; R2TC=0.004; R2TG=0.015; R2Apo B=0.004; R2LP(a)=0.021) (P<0.05). ConclusionsThe present study suggests that elevated levels of serum TC, TG, LDL, Apo B, Lp(a) and Apo B/Apo AI are associated with a higher risk for IDH.

Apo AI Nanoparticles Delivered Post Myocardial Infarction Moderate Inflammation

Rationale: Decades of research have examined immune-modulatory strategies to protect the heart after an acute myocardial infarction and prevent progression to heart failure but have failed to translate to clinical benefit. Objective: To determine anti-inflammatory actions of n-apo AI (Apo AI nanoparticles) that contribute to cardiac tissue recovery after myocardial infarction. Methods and Results: Using a preclinical mouse model of myocardial infarction, we demonstrate that a single intravenous bolus of n-apo AI (CSL111, 80 mg/kg) delivered immediately after reperfusion reduced the systemic and cardiac inflammatory response. N-apo AI treatment lowered the number of circulating leukocytes by 30±7% and their recruitment into the ischemic heart by 25±10% (all P <5.0×10 −2 ). This was associated with a reduction in plasma levels of the clinical biomarker of cardiac injury, cardiac troponin-I, by 52±17% ( P =1.01×10 −2 ). N-apo AI reduced the cardiac expression of chemokines that attract neutrophils and monocytes by 60% to 80% and lowered surface expression of integrin CD11b on monocytes by 20±5% (all P <5.0×10 −2 ). Fluorescently labeled n-apo AI entered the infarct and peri-infarct regions and colocalized with cardiomyocytes undergoing apoptosis and with leukocytes. We further demonstrate that n-apo AI binds to neutrophils and monocytes, with preferential binding to the proinflammatory monocyte subtype and partially via SR-BI (scavenger receptor BI). In patients with type 2 diabetes, we also observed that intravenous infusion of the same n-apo AI (CSL111, 80 mg/kg) similarly reduced the level of circulating leukocytes by 12±5% (all P <5.0×10 −2 ). Conclusions: A single intravenous bolus of n-apo AI delivered immediately post–myocardial infarction reduced the systemic and cardiac inflammatory response through direct actions on both the ischemic myocardium and leukocytes. These data highlight the anti-inflammatory effects of n-apo AI and provide preclinical support for investigation of its use for management of acute coronary syndromes in the setting of primary percutaneous coronary interventions.

Proteomic Profiles of Young Adults with Acute Myocardial Infarction

Introduction: Proteomic profiling is essential in understanding the pathophysiological process of multifactorial diseases such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Despite the increasing incidence of AMI in young adults, proteomic-based study focusing on young AMI remains limited. This study aimed to examine the plasma proteomic profiles of young adults with AMI compared to control subjects. We also hope to identify disease-specific protein biomarkers that contribute to the development of AMI in the young. Methods: Pooled plasma protein from 10 AMI patients aged 18 to 45 years and 10 age, gender and race - matched volunteers were separated using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). The spots proteins were analysed using the PD Quest analysis software. The spots proteins that were found to have been expressed differently between the two groups were identified by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) Mass Spectrometry. Results: There were three differently expressed proteins namely Apolipoprotein AI (Apo AI), Apolipoprotein AIV (Apo AIV) and Haptoglobin (p < 0.05). The expressions of these proteins were found to be increased in young patients with AMI compared to control subjects. Conclusion: The up regulation of Apo AI, Apo AIV and Haptoglobin in AMI patients indicate their important roles in the development of atherosclerotic disease. Thus, Apo AI, Apo AIV and Haptoglobin are potential disease biomarkers for young AMI.

The Proteins Interacting with Prmt5 in Medaka (Oryzias latipes) Identified by Yeast Two-Hybridization

Background: Prmt5 plays major role in regulation of gene expression, RNA processing, cell growth and differentiation, signal transduction, germ cell development, etc., in mammals. Prmt5 is also related to cancer. Knowing the proteins interacting with Prmt5 is important to understand Prmt5’s function in cells. Although there have been reports on proteins binding with Prmt5 in mammals, the partner proteins of Prmt5 in fish are still unclear. Objectives: The objective was to obtain proteins that bind with Prmt5 in medaka, a model fish. Methods: Yeast two hybridization was adopted to achieve the objective. Medaka Prmt5 was used as a bait to fish the prey, binding proteins in a cDNA library of medaka. Co-immunoprecipitation and in silicon analysis were performed to study the interaction of medaka Mep50 and Prmt5. Results: Eight proteins were identified to bind with Prmt5 from 69 preliminary positive colonies. The binding proteins are methylosome protein 50 (Mep50), apolipoprotein A-I-like (Apo-AI), PR domain containing protein 1a with zinc fingers (Prdm1a), Prdm1b, T-cell immunoglobulin mucin family member 3 (Tim-3), phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase and phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase (Paics), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) and sciellin (Scl). Co-immunoprecipitation confirmed the interaction of medaka Prmt5 and Mep50. Predicted structures of medaka Prtm5 and Mep50 are similar to that of human PRMT5 and MEP50. Conclusion: Medaka Mep50, Prdm1a, Prdm1b, Apo-AI, Tim-3, Paics, ND4, and Scl bind with Prmt5.

The effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone, paraoxonase 1, apolipoproteins, free fatty acid and insulin in vitamin D deficient obese and overweight individuals under a low-calorie diet program: a randomized controlled trial

Purpose Adipose tissue accumulation by trapping vitamin D and reducing its level may cause serious side effects. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of vitamin D supplementation on dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), paraoxonase 1 (PON 1), insulin, free fatty acid (FFA), apolipoprotein-AI (Apo-AI) and apolipoprotein B (Apo-B) concentration in obese and overweight participants under low-calorie diet (LCD) program. Design/methodology/approach Healthy overweight and obese individuals (n = 70) with vitamin D deficiency were randomly assigned into 2 groups to receive either vitamin D supplements (an oral 2,000 IU vitamin D supplement) or placebo for 8 weeks. Findings All the participants were given an LCD program during the intervention. Vitamin D supplementation led to a significant increase in the levels of 25(OH)D (vitamin D vs placebo groups: 36.6 ± 9.8 vs 19.9 ± 3.5 ng/mL, p < 0.001), PON 1 levels (vitamin D vs placebo groups: 80 ± 25 vs 58 ± 23.2 ng/mL, p = 0.001), DHEA concentration (vitamin D vs placebo groups: 2.3 ± 0.7 vs 1.5 ± 0.6 ng/mL, p < 0.001) and Apo-AI levels (vitamin D vs placebo groups 3.7 ± 0.5 vs 3 ± 0.5 mg/dL, p < 0.001). Besides, intake of vitamin D supplements led to a significant decrease in FFA (vitamin D vs placebo groups: 3.1 ± 0.75 vs 3.5 ± 0.5 ng/mL, p = 0.001). After adjusting the analyses based on baseline levels, age and baseline body mass index measures, significant changes were observed in the insulin levels (0.03 ± 0.06 vs −1.7 ± 0.6 µIU/ml, p = 0.04). But the authors did not find any significant difference in the concentration of Apo-B between groups (vitamin D vs placebo groups: 71.5 ± 35.5 vs 66.6 ± 28.5 mg/dL, p = 0.05). Originality/value Overall vitamin D supplementation for eight weeks among vitamin D-deficient obese and overweight participants had beneficial effects on serum DHEA PON 1 FFA insulin and Apo- AI while it did not affect the Apo-B concentration.

Changes in lipid metabolism in patients with severe COVID-19

Background: Dyslipidemia plays an important role in the pathogenesis and evolution of critical illness, but limited information exists regarding the lipid metabolism of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. The aim of this study was to investigate role of dyslipidemia in patients with severe COVID-19Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 216 severe COVID-19 patients with clarified outcomes (discharged or deceased), admitted to the West Court of Union Hospital in Wuhan, China, between February 1 and March 31, 2020. The dynamic changes of lipid profiles and their relationships with disease severity and clinical outcomes were analyzed.Results: A total of 216 severe COVID-19 patients, including 24 non-survivors and 192 survivors, were included in the final analyses. The levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein AI (Apo-AI) on admission were significantly lower in non-survivors compared to survivors. During hospitalization, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol(TC), HDL-C and Apo-AI were shown an increasing trend in survivors, but maintained lower levels or shown downward trend in non-survivors. The serum levels of HDL-C and Apo-AI were inversely correlated with C-reactive protein (CRP), length of hospital stay of survivors and disease severity. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis identified a CRP/ HDL-C ratio cut-off value of 62.54 as the predictor for in-hospital mortality (AUC=0.823, Sensitivity=83.3%, Specificity=70.8%). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that hypertension, neutrophils-to-lymphocytes ratio(NLR), platelet count and high CRP/ HDL-C ratio (>62.54) were independent factors to predict in-hospital mortality.Conclusions: The results demonstrated that dyslipidemia was associated with the inflammatory response, disease severity and poor prognosis of COVID-19. High CRP/ HDL-C ratio may serve as an independently potential predictor for hospital mortality among patients with severe COVID-19.