To assess the Effectiveness of Psychoeducation Intervention on Reducing the Burden of Caring of Alcoholic Dependence Syndrome Patients among Family Caregivers

Background: Alcohol dependence is considered as a “family disease.” In terms of occupational and social instability, physical and emotional distress, and financial burden, alcohol dependency affects the person as well as those around them, which has a major effect on the lives of significant others. Aim: Study aims to assess the effectiveness of psychoeducation intervention on reducing the burden of caring for alcoholic dependence syndrome patients among family caregivers. Objective: 1.To identify the existing burden of caring of alcoholic dependence syndrome patients among family care givers in experimental group and control group.2.To evaluate the effectiveness of psycho education intervention on reducing the burden of caring of alcoholic dependence syndrome patients among family care givers in experimental group and control group at post-test. 3. To evaluate the effectiveness of psycho education intervention on reducing the burden of caring of alcoholic dependence syndrome patients among family care givers between experimental group and control group. 4. To compare the effectiveness of psycho education intervention on reducing the burden of caring of alcoholic dependence syndrome patients among family care givers between experimental and control group.5.To associate post-test score of psycho education intervention on reducing the burden of caring of alcoholic dependence syndrome patients among family care givers with their selected demographic variables in experimental and control group. Methodology: The research design is experimental one group pre-test post with control group, and participants are, the Family caregivers of alcohol dependence syndrome patients. The aging population will be selected according to the criteria of inclusion and exclusion, and the sampling technique will be selected as the technique of purposive sampling technique. Data will be obtained by participants’ demographic variables and the use of a modified standardized scale for burden assessment and all scales distributed for reducing the burden of caring of alcoholic dependence syndrome patients among family caregivers. The literature review was identified through Pub MED, Medline, Cochran, computerized, books, library. Result: There may be effectiveness of psychoeducation intervention on reducing the burden of caring of alcoholic dependence syndrome patients among family caregivers and this effectiveness will be tested with demographic variables by regression analysis. Conclusion: findings will be drawn from the statistical analysis.

Wernicke encephalopathy in a caregiver: A serious physical issue resulting from stress in a family member caring for an advanced cancer patient

Objective It is well known that the burden on the families of cancer patient extends across many aspects, but there have been no reports of family members developing delirium due to the burden of caring for a cancer patient. Methods We reported a caregiver who developed Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) while caring for a family member with advanced cancer. Results The subject was a 71-year-old woman who had been caring for her husband, diagnosed with gastric cancer and liver metastases, for 5 months. She visited the “caregivers’ clinic” after referral by an oncologist who was worried about a deterioration in her mental condition that had appeared several weeks previously. The woman had a history of diabetes mellitus. Some giddiness was observed and, based on her inability to answer questions, her level of consciousness was checked and some disorientation was observed. She was diagnosed with delirium. A blood sample was collected to investigate the cause of the delirium, but the test data showed no hypoglycemia. Her appetite had declined since her husband was diagnosed with cancer. Thiamine deficiency was suspected as thiamine stores in the body are depleted within about 18 days and her loss of appetite had continued for 5 months. On intravenous injection of 100 mg of thiamine, her consciousness level was returned to normal in 1 h. A diagnosis of WE was supported by the patient's abnormally low serum thiamine level. Significance of the results The family members of cancer patients may develop a loss of appetite due to the burden of caring, resulting in WE. When providing care for signs of distress in family members, it is necessary to pay attention not only to the psychological aspects but also to their level of consciousness and physical aspects, particularly the possibility of serious illness resulting from reduced nutritional status.

Erratum: Burden of caring for children living with human immunodeficiency virus in a semi-rural South African community

No abstract available.

Migration and Religious Refugees

One of the biggest impacts on poverty in early modern Europe was migration. As various circumstances and conflicts generated a growing population of religious refugees in many cities, the magnitude of need overwhelmed local poor relief structures. This crisis prompted the development of poor relief outside of civic jurisdiction and prompted the development of separate ways to care for the foreign poor. For example, John a Lasco led a religiously autonomous foreigners’ church in London, where he emphasized commitment to poor relief among the exiles. This chapter examines the religious interpretations of the migration experience, its role in shaping religious identity, and the impact of migration on poor relief. By establishing poor relief systems for refugees, the foreigner churches, or stranger churches, relieved city governments of the additional financial burden of caring for refugees and simultaneously set up a form of church management to aid religious refugees.

From Familial Pressure to Seeking One’s Fortune: Chinese International Students’ Search for Geographical and Social Mobility as a Response to Societal and Familial Pressures

The societal changes seen in China since 1978 have created a sharp generational divide. Those born after the 1980s are mostly singletons raised with high life-expectations, both of themselves and from their families. The singletons want freedom of choice and social mobility, but the stiff competition at Chinese universities makes such ambitions unattainable for many. Study abroad is sometimes seen as an alternative gateway to social mobility. This chapter is based on participant observation of, and interviews with, a group of 40 Chinese students in Norway. The fieldwork took place from 2012 to 2014. The research questions concern (a) what motivates their sojourn, (b) their aspirations for the future and (c) how their migration would facilitate this. The findings are that they seek to construct themselves as global citizens able to travel and work anywhere. A Western degree is seen as enabling this. However, as single children, the burden of caring for their parents is theirs alone and a decline in the health of the latter would therefore necessitate an early return. Thus, the opportunities abroad are, by their nature, transitory and liable to be cut short at any time. However, the students believe that they will retain potential mobility, which may be used when their life-circumstances permit.