Deceptive Techniques to Hide a Compressed Video Stream for Information Security

With the recent development of video compression methods, video transmission on traditional devices and video distribution using networks has increased in various devices such as drones, IP cameras, and small IoT devices. As a result, the demand for encryption techniques such as MPEG-DASH for transmitting streams over networks is increasing. These video stream security methods guarantee stream confidentiality. However, they do not hide the fact that the encrypted stream is being transmitted over the network. Considering that sniffing attacks can analyze the entropy of the stream and scan huge amounts of traffic on the network, to solve this problem, the deception method is required, which appears unencrypted but a confidential stream. In this paper, we propose the new deception method that utilizes standard NAL unit rules of video codec, where the unpromised device shows the cover video and the promised device shows the secret video for deceptive security. This method allows a low encryption cost and the stream to dodge entropy-based sniffing scan attacks. The proposed stream shows that successful decoding using five standard decoders and processing performance was 61% faster than the conventional encryption method in the test signal conformance set. In addition, a network encrypted stream scan method the HEDGE showed classification results that our stream is similar to a compressed video.

Emitter Identification of Digital Modulation Transmitter Based on Nonlinearity and Modulation Distortion of Power Amplifier

Specific transmitter identification (SEI) is a technology that uses a received signal to identify to which individual radiation source the transmitted signal belongs. It can complete the identification of the signal transmitter in a non-cooperative scenario. Therefore, there are broad application prospects in the field of wireless-communication-network security, spectral resource management, and military battlefield-target communication countermeasures. This article demodulates and reconstructs a digital modulation signal to obtain a signal without modulator distortion and power-amplifier nonlinearity. Comparing the reconstructed signal with the actual received signal, the coefficient representation of the nonlinearity of the power amplifier and the distortion of the modulator can be obtained, and these coefficients can be used as the fingerprint characteristics of different transmitters through a convolutional neural network (CNN) to complete the identification of specific transmitters. The existing SEI strategy for changing the modulation parameters of a test signal is to mix part of the test signal with the training signal so that the classifier can learn the signal of which the modulation parameter was changed. This method is still data-oriented and cannot process signals for which the classifier has not been trained. It has certain limitations in practical applications. We compared the fingerprint features extracted by the method in this study with the fingerprint features extracted by the bispectral method. When SNR < 20 dB, the recognition accuracy of the bispectral method dropped rapidly. The method in this paper still achieved 86% recognition accuracy when SNR = 0 dB. When the carrier frequency of the test signal was changed, the bispectral feature failed, and the proposed method could still achieve a recognition accuracy of about 70%. When changing the test-signal baud rate, the proposed method could still achieve a classification accuracy rate of more than 70% for four different individual radiation sources when SNR = 0 dB.

Integrated estimation of parameters of radio transmitter power amplifier with automatic mode adjustment by two-frequency test signal

Comparative estimation of energy parameters of power amplifiers of single-band radio transmitters using automatic mode adjustment using a deterministic two-frequency test signal instead of a random single-band signal modulated by speech is investigated in the work. Relationships are found that allow judging the power consumption of the terminal stage of the power amplifier with automatic mode adjustment under various types of modulation based on the results of measurements obtained during tests. The ratios between the power consumption of the output stage when amplifying the random speech signal and amplifying the deterministic two-frequency test signal are obtained both without taking into account losses in the controlled power supply and taking into account such losses. Method is proposed for calculation of energy gain and efficiency factor (efficiency) when applying automatic control of supply voltage of output cascades of shortwave transmitters intended for modulation with speech signals. The loss in the regulated power supply has been estimated. The advantage of power amplifier circuits with automatic mode adjustment is justified

Testing of Auditory Clinical Alarms in ICU/CCU

Almost all medical devices in ICU/CCU have a built-in clinical alarm system to alert when there are changes in a patient’s condition. The objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of the existing alarm system in ICU/CCU. Two summative usability tests were conducted to test the effectiveness of existing and new alarm signals based on IEC 60601-1-8:2006 standard. Further formative test is conducted to study the perception of urgency associated with a number of tones in the alarm signals. The findings indicate that the existing auditory alarm signal in ICU/CCU does not indicate the urgency of the alarm conditions. The simulation test indicates that the respondents preferred 282Hz, 500Hz and 800Hz for low, medium and high-risk alarm respectively. The one-sample proportion z test on urgency mapping indicates that the proportion of responses for the highest risk is more than 50% for a single tone test signal. These results show that a single tone test signal being perceived as the highest risk is regardless of frequency. It can be concluded the auditory alarm designed based on this IEC 60608-1-8:2006 standard is not effective. As such it is proposed that the incorporation of the new alarm frequencies and tones will improve the effectiveness of the alarm signal