Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis in Periodontitis in Adolescents and Young Adults

Aim. This study aims to evaluate the association of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis with periodontitis in adolescents and young adults in a Moroccan population. Methods. 426 subjects aged between 12 and 25 years were recruited for the study. A pool of plaque sample was taken. Samples were cultured on Sabouraud Chloramphenicol medium at 37°C for 24–48 hours and then identified by the Vitek 2 YST system. Clinical data and presence of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis were analyzed using Jamovi (Version 1.8). Results. Candida albicans was observed in 25 subjects among 68 diseased patients (37%) and in 60 subjects among 358 healthy patients (17%). It can be reported that under normal yeast conditions, there is a statistically significant difference between these two groups ( P < 0.001 ). Candida dubliniensis was more prevalent in periodontitis than in healthy subjects ( P = 0.026 ). Regarding clinical variables, subgroups of periodontitis subjects showed significant statistical differences for periodontal probing depth, clinical attachment loss, and number of decayed teeth in advanced periodontitis in comparison with initial or mild periodontitis. The results also indicate that the presence of the two species of Candida is not related to gender or age ( P > 0.05 ) nor related to the severity of the periodontal disease in this population. Conclusion. Within the limits of our study, Candida albicans is more frequently associated with periodontitis. The potential role of C. albicans in periodontitis pathogenesis is very complex. More studies on biofilm associated with different forms of periodontitis are necessary. It is also important to assess the coexistence of periodontitis and caries and the associated biofilms.

Influence of Depression and Anxiety on Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment Outcomes: A 6-Month Prospective Study

Periodontal treatment could be worsened by risk factors. Depression and anxiety have been suggested as potentially influencing periodontal treatment outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine their association with non-surgical periodontal treatment outcomes in patients with generalized severe periodontitis (stage III/IV generalized periodontitis) at 6 months. A total of 68 patients diagnosed with generalized severe periodontitis were treated with scaling and root planing (SRP) and were followed at 3 and 6 months. The data of the 54 patients that followed the entire protocol were considered for analysis. Depression and anxiety levels were determined at baseline by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and State-Trait Inventory (STAI) questionnaires. The association between psychological scores and periodontal parameters was evaluated by multivariate analysis. At 3 and 6 months, SRP induced an improvement for all periodontal parameters (plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), periodontal probing depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL)). BDI and STAI scores were associated with the evolution of PI, BOP, mean PPD and number of sites with PPD > 3 mm and with CAL > 3 mm. Depression and anxiety should be considered as risk factors for SRP and the identification of at-risk patients should be performed using well-established tools.

Prevalência de perda de inserção periodontal em adolescentes de 12 a 16 anos em uma escola pública de Porto Alegre

The aim of this study was to verify prevalence of loss of attachment in 12-16 years old adolescents of a public school in Porto Alegre. The prevalence of loss of attachment was determined by means of periodontal probing a mesial, distal, buccal and lingual surfaces of incisors and first permanent molars. A trainer examiner performed the examination with Williams periodontal probe, odontoscope are standard illumination. The level of attachmet was defined as thc distance in millimeters from the cementum-enamel junction to the most apically probable portion, close to thc bottom of the sulcus/pocket. For cach site, two measurements were performed, the distance from the gingival margin to the cementure enamel junction, and the distance from the gingival margin to the bottom of the sulcus pocket. The level of attachment for a site was calculated subtracting the first and the second or, in case of gingival recession, adding both. Loss of attachment was considered when this measure exceeded 2 mm in buccal-lingual surfaces and 3 mm in proximal surfaces. 3048 sites were examined, showing a prevalence of 4.82% of loss of attachment. From these, 36.77% bled on probing and 61.22% did not. The buccal surface was the one with the highest prevalence of loss of attachment.

Rheumatoid arthritis serotype and synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in patients with periodontitis: A case-control study

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) experience a higher prevalence of periodontitis. This study aimed to examine the variation of periodontitis experienced with different serotypes suffered by RA patients and to examine the relationship between the different medications taken for RA that may influence this relationship. Two hundred and sixty RA and control participants underwent standardized periodontal examinations. Medical, serological and radiological (Sharp/van der Heijde) records were assessed. Functional status was assessed using the administered Health Assessment Questionnaire. Moreover, disease parameters, including disease activity (DAS28-ESR) and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) and rheumatoid factor (RF) seropositivity were evaluated. Periodontitis was higher in RA (71.54%) compared with controls (54.62%). The stage of periodontitis experienced by ACPA-positive participants were higher than APCA-negative participants. The probing pocket depth and recession experienced by RF-positive participants were higher than those who were RF-negative. RA participants on methotrexate had lower clinical attachment loss and lower periodontal probing depth compared with participants on a combination methotrexate and other disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Participants taking corticosteroids had lower gingival index scores. The association between seropositivity and the type of medications taken with periodontal health parameters in this group of patients suggests that both seropositivity and medications taken are important modifiers in the relationship between periodontitis and RA.

Comparison of periodontal parameters between patients with ischemic and dilative cardiomyopathy

Background This cross-sectional study aimed in the comparison of periodontal parameters, number of remaining teeth and oral behaviour between patients with ischemic- (ICM) and non-ischemic dilative cardiomyopathy (DCM). Methods Patients with HF from the Department for Cardiac Surgery at the Heart Center Leipzig were included. The two groups (ICM and DCM) were composed by matching according to age, gender and smoking habits. All participants received a comprehensive periodontal examination, including a periodontal probing on six measurement points of each tooth. Results A total of 226 patients (n = 113 each group) was included. Patients in DCM group used interdental cleaning significantly more often than ICM (23.9% vs. 12.5%, p = 0.04). The majority of patients in both groups (ICM: 83.6%, DCM: 84.6%, p = 0.23) were diagnosed with stage III–IV periodontitis. Periodontal parameters were comparable between groups (p > 0.05). Variance analysis revealed no influence of the group (ICM vs. DCM) on the number of remaining teeth (p = 0.16), periodontitis stage (p = 0.27) or the periodontal inflamed surface area (p = 0.62). Conclusions Patients with severe HF show high periodontal burden, without any differences between ICM and DCM group. Therefore, increased attention should be payed to periodontal health of patients with severe heart disease, irrespective of their underlying disease.

Clinical Feasibility of Fully Sintered (Y, Nb)-TZP for CAD-CAM Single-Unit Restoration: A Pilot Study

Fifteen participants (9 male, 6 female) received a total of 15 monolithic single restorations made from fully sintered (Y, Nb)-TZP (tetragonal zirconia polycrystal) block. The restorations were clinically evaluated for survival, success rate, and periodontal probing depths 6 months after the insertion of the restorations. Esthetic, functional, and biological evaluations were also performed over a 6-month follow-up period. The survival and success rates of the single-unit restorations were 100%. The periodontal probing depth values ranged from 1 to 3 mm. No complications with regard to functional and biological properties were observed after 6 months. The postoperative sensitivity was only a transient phenomenon. The fully sintered (Y, Nb)-TZP single-unit restoration showed highly acceptable quality with successful clinical performance over 6 months.

Interdental and subgingival microbiota may affect the tongue microbial ecology and oral malodour in health, gingivitis and periodontitis

Background and Objective: Oral malodour is often observed in gingivitis and chronic periodontitis patients, and the tongue microbiota is thought to play a major role in malodorous gas production, including Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSCs) such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methanethiol (CH3SH). This study aimed to examine the link between the presence of VSCs in mouth air (as a marker of oral malodour) and the oral bacterial ecology in the tongue and periodontal niches of healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis patients. Methods: Participants were clinically assessed using plaque index, bleeding on probing (BOP) and periodontal probing depths, and VSC concentrations in their oral cavity measured using a portable gas chromatograph. Tongue scrapings, subgingival and interdental plaque were collected from healthy individuals (n=22), and those with gingivitis (n=14) or chronic periodontitis (n=15). The bacterial 16S rRNA gene region V3-V4 in these samples was sequenced and the sequences analysed using the Minimum Entropy Decomposition pipeline. Results: Elevated VSC concentrations and CH3SH:H2S were observed in periodontitis compared to health. Significant ecological shifts were observed in the tongue microbiota of healthy subjects who had higher plaque scores, suggesting a possible connection between the microbiota of the tongue and the periodontium and that key dysbiotic changes may be initiated in the clinically healthy who have higher dental plaque accumulation. Greater subgingival bacterial diversity was positively associated with H2S in mouth air. Periodontopathic bacteria known to be prolific VSC producers increased in abundance on the tongue and this was associated with increased bleeding on probing (BOP) and a greater % of periodontal pockets >6mm, supporting the suggestion that the tongue may become a reservoir for periodontopathogens. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of the periodontal microbiota in malodour and has detected dysbiotic changes in the tongue microbiota in periodontitis.