Pelvic floor muscle exercise and training for coping with urinary incontinence

The pelvic floor consists of levator ani muscles including puborectalis, pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus muscles, and coccygeus muscles. Pelvic floor muscle exercise (PFME) is defined as exercise to improve pelvic floor muscle strength, power, endurance, relaxation, or a combination of these parameters. PFME strengthens the pelvic floor muscles to provide urethral support to prevent urine leakage and suppress urgency. This exercise has been recommended for urinary incontinence since first described by Kegel. When treating urinary incontinence, particularly stress urinary incontinence, PFME has been recommended as first-line treatment. This article provides clinical application of PFME as a behavioral therapy for urinary incontinence. Clinicians and physical therapist should understand pelvic floor muscle anatomy, evaluation, regimen, and instruct patients how to train the muscles properly.

Effect of Resistance Exercise and Training and Principles of Prescribing it for Cardiovascular Patients

Introduction: The importance and necessity of preventing the occurrence of these diseases in order to maintain and promote health, has attracted the attention of many researchers to methods of preventing the occurrence of cardiovascular injury. Metabolic effects of muscle mass loss due to the natural aging process are caused by decreased muscle activity and lead to high prevalence of obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease. These risk factors cause disorders in the cardiovascular structure such as myocardial infarction, arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction, etc. Research also has shown that muscle strength is inversely related to all causes of death and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide safe resistance training methods for cardiovascular patients. Conclusion Resistance exercise is effective in preventing or reversing the functional, morphological and structural changes of the heart. Research shows that resistance training prevents the reduction of skeletal muscle mass and its function. This can also compensate for the functional decline caused by aging and disease. Because the methods of resistance training are various and are associated with many methodological problems, the study of the effect of exercise and resistance training in cardiovascular patients has always been controversial. This article reviews the findings of previous research examining the effects of the interaction between acute exercise and training in cardiovascular patients, and concludes the principles of prescribing resistance training in these patients. Overall, this study suggests that resistance training is beneficial even for the patients with CHF.

A systematic review on exercise and training-based interventions for freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease

Freezing of gait (FOG) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) causes severe patient burden despite pharmacological management. Exercise and training are therefore advocated as important adjunct therapies. In this meta-analysis, we assess the existing evidence for such interventions to reduce FOG, and further examine which type of training helps the restoration of gait function in particular. The primary meta-analysis across 41 studies and 1838 patients revealed a favorable moderate effect size (ES = −0.37) of various training modalities for reducing subjective FOG-severity (p < 0.00001), though several interventions were not directly aimed at FOG and some included non-freezers. However, exercise and training also proved beneficial in a secondary analysis on freezers only (ES = −0.32, p = 0.007). We further revealed that dedicated training aimed at reducing FOG episodes (ES = −0.24) or ameliorating the underlying correlates of FOG (ES = −0.40) was moderately effective (p < 0.01), while generic exercises were not (ES = −0.14, p = 0.12). Relevantly, no retention effects were seen after cessation of training (ES = −0.08, p = 0.36). This review thereby supports the implementation of targeted training as a treatment for FOG with the need for long-term engagement.

Physical Exercise: An Overview of Benefits From Psychological Level to Genetics and Beyond

Any form of physical activity, including exercise, is linked with preventing several diseases including metabolic disorders, cancer, and mood disorders. Beyond benefits, its therapeutic activity is inconclusive in terms of types, intensity, and individual training status, and this could be a major research for prescribing exercise as a therapeutic strategy. Exercise and its myriad forms occupy the space on clinical recommendation, which implies that quantifiable benefits of the same have been proven. Further, the benefits of exercise and its impact have also been found to have a genetic underlying interaction, which has created a niche of personal genomics, wherein apart from diet, an exercise regimen also becomes tailorable for every individual. Many subjective well-being reports highlighted daily exercise to keep mental and general health in excellent conditions, and the uncertainties around it. Thus, adopting an exercise behavior and inculcating it as a routine has been recommended. Further, the kind of benefit that can be extracted out of exercise and training is to a great extent influenced by genetic markers around fat, obesity, hunger, as well as satiety. Genetic markers can also impact the body temperature during exercise, making the entire experience of training either comfortable or unpleasant. Thus, there is an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence that has gathered around the benefits of exercise, which has become a pressing need from the 21st century when the belief in the value of exercise started waning, and that spiked up the era of lifestyle and noncommunicable ailments.

RESISTANCE TRAINING EXERCISE EFFECTS ON MUSCULAR STRENGTH, ENDURANCE, AND FATS OF LOWER LIMBS IN ADULTS; IT'S FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS

Purpose: Primary aim of the research study was to develop awareness among the participants about the benefits of exercise and its financial benefits. Methodology: Adults had to perform exercises on Unstable Surfaces (US), Stable Surface (SS) and Machine Based (MB). The protocol of exercises was divided into three categories with 30 participants in each group i.e., Machine Based Surface Resistance Training (M-SRT), Machine Based Unstable Surface Resistance Training (M-URT), and Free Weight Unstable Surfaces Resistance Training (F-URT). Equipment used for tests was imported. Cost of financial expenditure and effects of resistance training exercise protocol on the male adults’ lower limbs muscular power, body fats, and strength were compared. Leg extension strength, leg press, muscle fuel, and body fats were checked on the baseline and after a seven-week resistance training program in the adults and budget, effects took away from the parents. Main Findings: The subjects’ results in maximal resistance training of squad movement were significantly higher in M-SRT and M-URT as compared to F-URT. The average seven-week regular resistance training exercise protocol program in adults with proper supervision will minimize the risk of injury and develop the strength and endurance in the lower limbs of adults up to maximal and that the composition of the body fats was observed lesser. There are training and exercise centres in Dera Ismail Khan city and adults can easily manage to become members of those clubs with nominal registration fees. Fitness and wellbeing are directly associated with the financial benefits of exercise and training. It was observed that the student adults can easily manage the resistance training program for their fitness by curtailing their pocket money. The implication of the Study: The findings of the research study have vital impacts on the daily life routine life of adults. Adults can easily manage to spare some time from leisure and money to keep themselves fit and healthy. The nation needs healthy adults to serve the best and build a nation. The results of analyzed data will help the parents and teachers to motivate their children to participate in the activities of fitness centres and acquaint the adults with financial behaviour change theory. Proper counselling of the experts will be fruitful in light of the recommendations of the study. Novelty: For the first time such a study is going to be conducted in the field of sports and finance. This is primary research in the homeland to highlight the behavioural economics capitalization in sports and training. The financial impacts of training and exercise on the fitness of youth have been studied in length. Future researchers would be benefited from the results of the study and they will be able to include the purchase of basic equipment for exercise and training in the institute budget.

BDNF Impact on Biological Markers of Depression—Role of Physical Exercise and Training

Depression is the most common and devastating psychiatric disorder in the world. Its symptoms, especially during the pandemic, are observed in all age groups. Exercise training (ET) is well known as a non-pharmacological strategy to alleviate clinical depression. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one of the biological factors whose expression and secretion are intensified in response to ET. BDNF is also secreted by contracted skeletal muscle that likely exerts para-, auto- and endocrine effects, supporting the crosstalk between skeletal muscle and other distant organs/tissues, such as the nervous system. This finding suggests that they communicate and work together to induce improvements on mood, cognition, and learning processes as BDNF is the main player in the neurogenesis, growth, and survival of neurons. Therefore, BDNF has been recognized as a therapeutic factor in clinical depression, especially in response to ET. The underlying mechanisms through which ET impacts depression are varied. The aim of this review was to provide information of the biological markers of depression such as monoamines, tryptophan, endocannabinoids, markers of inflammatory processes (oxidative stress and cytokines) stress and sex hormones and their relationship to BDNF. In addition, we reviewed the effects of ET on BNDF expression and how it impacts depression as well as the potential mechanisms mediating this process, providing a better understanding of underlying ET-related mechanisms in depression.

Exercise physiology an essential tool in the evaluation of equine athletes. Review

The physiological and biochemical responses of the equine athlete, before, during and after physical exercise, are studied in the exercise physiology and, for this to start and muscle contraction occurs, for this it is necessary that the organism produces energy through the production of ATP, which occur in three processes, being alactic or lactic, the alactic process occurs through the metabolism of creatine phosphokinase (anaerobic form) and glucose through the Krebs cycle (aerobic form), whereas the lactic process occurs through the metabolism of lactate. During exercise, in an attempt to re-establish equine parameters, physiological changes occur. The physiology of exercise has been studying, through stress tests, performed on an ergometric treadmill or in the field, ways of obtaining parameters to evaluate the species. This study aimed to evaluate an essential tool that is the physiology of exercise on the physical conditioning of equine athletes, through parameters that observe the performance of these animals. For the methodology, a bibliographic survey of articles was made and directed to the physiology of equine exercise, in addition, necessary tools for the evaluation of equine athletes were addressed, being these neurological, cardiovascular, skeletal, and electrolytic responses. It is concluded that the use of tests for the evaluation of the athletic performance in horses performed by treadmill or in the field together with the physiological responses obtained by the action of exercise and training, is considered a valuable tool for equine sports medicine.

Developing support teachers’ digital competencies for an inclusive citizenship

The present work focuses on the construct of digital citizenship from an educational and inclusive point of view. Considering the general European interest in implementing citizens’ digital skills and with particular care for the contemporary situation of overall emergency, due to the Covid 19 pandemic case, the idea is that of considering a possible conceptual link between digital skills and the Capability Approach. In the light of an ‘Education for all’, the aware development of teachers and, particularly support teachers’ digital skills, may be a crucial key to enact inclusive processes able to guarantee any pupil and student the chance to become a capable and valuable citizen, despite his/her frailties and social failures. This paper is part of a wider research project entitled “Best practices and tools of analysis in schools and community contexts: learning, teaching & inclusion”, started in March 2019 and funded by the Department of Psychological, Pedagogical Sciences, Physical Exercise and Training, of the University of Palermo, and of which just a segment related to the analysis of support teachers’ digital competence is reported here.

Current and Proposed Efforts to Resolve HSPD-5 and NCP Authorities (NIC and PFO)

ABSTRACT During the evening of 20 April, 2010 U.S. Coast Guard District Eight Command Center watch standers received a report of an explosion aboard the Deepwater Horizon (DWH), an oil rig working on the Macondo oil well approximately 42 miles Southeast of Venice, LA (OSC Report, 2011). The explosion on board the DWH and resulting fires eventually destroyed the oil rig and caused it to sink into the Gulf of Mexico. Eleven crewmembers lost their lives in the tragic events that unfolded that night, and one of the nation's largest environmental disasters would soon follow. Estimates of the oil discharged from the Macondo oil well were between 12,000 and 25,000 barrels per day, and the response involved approximately 47,000 oil spill response personnel, 6,870 vessels, approximately 4.12 million feet of boom, and 17,500 National Guard personnel, five states (OSC Report, 2011). The massive oil spill lasted 87 days and estimates suggest that more than 200 million gallons of oil was discharged into the Gulf of Mexico, which stands as the largest oil spill event in U.S. history. From these massive response operations came important lessons learned for SONS event planning, preparedness, and response, as it became apparent during DWH response operations that oil spill response governance and doctrine was not well understood across the whole-of-government. This issue was well documented in the National Incident Commander's report and several recommendations were identified to address this issue. This paper will explore the steps taken within the U.S. Coast Guard's (USCG) SONS Exercise and Training Program to promote a better understanding of oil spill response governance and doctrine among Cabinet-level senior leadership and the interagency representatives that will ultimately be involved when the next SONS event happens.