Prevalence and Severity of Asthma, Rhinitis and Eczema in Pre-School Children in the United Arab Emirates

Very few studies have been carried out on asthma and allergies in pre-schoolchildren. This is the first study of pre-school children with asthma and allergies in the United Arab Emirates. We studied 4,000 pre-schoolchildren from the United Arab Emirates: Dubai, Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, and Al-Ain. The ages of the study group were between 1-5 years, and were 2,000 boys and 2,000 girls; they were randomly selected from kindergartens and nurseries. We used the standardised International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. The mean (SD) age, height, weight and BMI were 3.3 (1.4) years, 92.0 (1.3) cm, 17.3 (5.2) kg, and 23.4 (9.3). The prevalence rates of “wheeze ever”, “current wheeze”, “speech limitation”, “asthma” , “dry night cough”, and “exercise-induced asthma” were 40.4%, 43.8%, 37.6%, 26.5%, 36.1, and 37.6%, respectively. Boys had a significantly higher prevalence of wheeze ever and current wheeze than girls. Girls had a significantly higher prevalence of speech limitation than boys. The prevalence rates of “rhinitis ever”, “current rhinitis”, “itchy watery eyes” and “hay fever” were 42%, 40.5%, 39.1% and 46.9%, respectively. Boys had significantly higher prevalence rates of “rhinitis ever”, “current rhinitis”, and “itchy watery eyes” than girls. The prevalence rates of “rash ever”, “current rash” and “eczema ever” were 38.9%, 33.7% and 58.0%, respectively. Boys had significantly higher prevalence rates of rash ever, current rash, and eczema ever than girls. Children who were exposed to parental smoking have significantly higher prevalence rates of asthma, wheezing, and cough than those whom were not exposed. Children who breastfed more than 10 months had a significantly lower prevalence rates of “wheeze ever”, “current wheeze”, “speech limitation”, and “asthma”, than those whom breastfed less than 10 months. The prevalence rates of asthma, rhinitis and eczema were very high. Breastfeeding was found to be protective for asthma. The study can be used as a baseline intervention project to reduce incidents of asthma and allergies in these children and to establish atopic march in order to implement strategies to improve the respiratory health and allergies in these children. Keywords: asthma, wheeze, night cough, rhinitis, eczema, pre-school children, paediatric asthma

Literature Review : Hubungan Obesitas dengan Kejadian Asma

Asthma can be worsened by obesity because obesity can cause a decrease in the pulmonary compliance system, lung volume, and airway diameter. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain an ideal body weight to prevent obesity and the incidence of asthma.The purpose of this literature review study was to describe the correlation between obesity and the incidence of asthma.This research used the Google Scholar database, Garuda Portal and PUBMED. The keywords used in searching for articles on the Google Scholar database and Garuda Portal were “obesity” and “asma”, while on PUBMED ere “obesity and asthma”.The results of a literature review of 5 article showed that there was a correlation between obesity and the incidence of asthma.The conclusion from this study showed that the result of obesity and asthma was 52% and the result from the “non-overweighted but have asthma” respondent was 48%. The p-value was less than 0,005. It means that the p-value is smaller. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a correlation between obesity and the incidence of asthma. Keywords : Asthma, Obesity AbstrakAsma dapat diperburuk dengan adanya obesitas disamping itu obesitas dapat menyebabkan penurunan sistem komplians paru, volume paru dan diameter saluran napas. Oleh karena itu harus menjaga berat badan agar tetap ideal supaya tidak terjadi obesitas dan kejadian asma. Tujuan dari penelitian literature review ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah ada hubungan obesitas dengan kejadian asma.Penelitian ini menggunakan database Google Schoolar, Portal Garuda dan PUBMED. Untuk database Google Schoolar dan Portal Garuda menggunakan kata kunci “obesitas dan asma” sedangkan pada PUBMED menggunakan kata kunci “obesity and asthma”.Hasil literature review dari 5 artikel didapatkan bahwa adanya hubungan antara obesitas dengan kejadian asma.Simpulan dari penelitian literature review ini menunjukan hasil obesitas dan asma sebanyak 52% serta hasil tidak obesitas tetapi mengalami asma sebanyak 48% dan nilai p value menghasilkan < 0,005 yang bearti nilai p value lebih kecil. Jadi dapat disimpulkan adanya hubungan antara obesitas dengan kejadian asma. Kata kunci : Asma, Obesitas

Literature Review : Pengaruh Teknik Pernapasan Buteyko Terhadap Kontrol Asma

The Backgrounds : Asthma can cause narrowing of the airways, and it can cause symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath (dyspnea), therefore treatment is needed to control asthma to reduce the symptoms caused. One of the non-farmacological treatments is using the buteyko breathing technique. To describe the effect of the buteyko breathing technique on asthma control. This literature review research accessed the Garba Garuda and Researchgate databases. Search articles using two languages, for Indonesian-language articles, the search was conducted using the keywords: “Asma”, “Buteyko”, "Kontrol asma", while the English-language articles used the keywords: “Asthma”, “Buteyko”, “Asthma control". This study used the JBI critical appraisal checklist for quasi-experimental studies, and the PICOTS format (population, intervention, comparative group, outcome, time, study design) in determining inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results of this literature review showed that there was an increase in the level of asthma control after the intervention. There was also an effect of giving the buteyko breathing technique on asthma control. The p-value was less than 0.05. The conclusion of this literature review research showed that there was an effect of giving the buteyko breathing technique on asthma control. Keywords : Asthma; Buteyko; Asthma control AbstrakPenyakit asma dapat menyebabkan penyempitan pada saluran napas, dan hal ini dapat menimbulkan gejala seperti mengi, batuk, dan sesak napas (dispnea) pada penderitanya, maka dari itu diperlukan pengobatan untuk mengontrol asma agar mengurangi gejala yang ditimbulkan. Salah satu pengobatan non farmakologinya yaitu dengan menggunakan teknik pernapasan buteyko. Tujuan dari penelitian literature review ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh teknik pernapasan buteyko terhadap kontrol asma. Penelitian literature review ini mengakses database Garba Garuda, dan Researchgate. Pencarian artikel menggunakan dua bahasa yaitu bahasa Indonesia, dan bahasa Inggris, untuk artikel berbahasa Indonesia, pencarian dilakukan dengan menggunakan kata kunci : “Asma”, “Buteyko”, “Kontrol Asma”, sedangkan artikel berbahasa Inggris menggunakan kata kunci : “Asthma”, “Buteyko”, “Asthma control”. Instrumen telaah kritis yang digunakan yaitu dengan menggunakan JBI critical appraisal checklist for quasi-eksperimental studies, serta menggunakan format PICOTS (population, intervention, comparative group, outcome, time, studi design) dalam menentukan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Hasil penelitian literature review ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat kenaikan pada tingkat kontrol asma sesudah pemberian intervensi tersebut, dibandingkan sebelum pemberian intervensi, dan terdapat pengaruh pemberian teknik pernapasan buteyko dengan kontrol asma dengan hasil p value <0,05. Simpulan dari penelitian literature review ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh pemberian teknik pernapasan buteyko terhadap kontrol asma. Kata Kunci : Asma; Buteyko ; Kontrol asma

FACTORS RESTRICT TREATMENT EFFICIENCY IN ASTHMA PATIENTS

Background: A number of modifiable factors that contribute to poor asthma control have been identified. We wanted to know how many patients had insufficient therapy, adherence, or major inhaler technique errors, and how they affected asthma control. Methodology: We conducted a cross-sectional multicenter observational research with asthma patients who were referred for the first time from primary to specialized treatment. Adequate prescription according to guidelines, treatment adherence, and illness control were among the data collected. 35.9% of the 1682 patients (age 45-17 years, 64.6 percent men) had insufficient prescriptions, 76.8% had low adherence, and 17 percent had critical inhaler technique errors, with Easyhaler users making significantly fewer critical errors than other dry powder inhaler users (10.3 versus 18.4%; p 0.05). Inadequate prescription (OR: 3.65), non-adherence to therapy (OR: 1.8), and inhaler abuse were all linked to poor asthma control (OR: 3.03). A greater number of risk variables were linked to a greater likelihood of having poorly managed asthma. Keywords: Asthma, interdental cleaning, elderly, prevention, periodontal disease, caries.

Viral origin of wheeze in the under-five population in Pakistan

Background: One of the most common issues arising these days is wheezing that is observed in kids below five year of age accompanied with acute respiratory infections (ARIs). The main etiological causes of ARIs are viruses. Aim: To investigate the viral cause of wheezing in kids below five years of age who were hospitalized in hospital located in Pakistan. Methods: Forty candidates under 5 years of age were admitted complaining wheezing, in this case research. Nasal and throat swaps were taken. For screening purpose, real-time, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was employed in order to rule out rhinovirus, influenza 1 and 2, respiratory para influenza virus (PIV) 1, 2, 3 and 4, syncytial virus (RSV), human meta-pneumovirus, bocavirus (HBoV), Enterovirus Coronavirus, Parechovirus and adenovirus. Results: 30% was regarded as total viral detection rate. Candidates detected with pheumonina viral RNA markers were found from their samples (6 cases), episodic wheeze (1 cases) bronchiolitis (7 cases) and multitrigger wheeze (8 cases). It was discovered that RSV was the most common virus found (30%) which is then followed by PIV1, 2 and 3(18%), HBoV (8%) and rhinovirus (4%). Whereas mixed infection was found in case of in 32 per cent. Conclusions: According to the case research, respiratory viral agents was found to be the culprit in 30 per cent of kids suffering from wheezing; the most common RSV and PIV were responsible for 50 per cent of the total number of cases involved. In case of 30% of cases mixed infections were reported. There was also noteworthy Seasonal variation was noted. Moreover, Further research required to accomplished with a large samples and long duration follow up span in order to clarify results of research. Keywords: Asthma - bronchiolitis - child - incidence - PCR

Patients with Severe Asthma: Analysis of Future Risks

The upcoming severe health problems can be due to the asthmatic burdens. Severe asthma can lead to dangerous exacerbation and damage of pulmonary function. It can also affect medication-related problems for example steroids. In routine practice, the risk of asthma is not easily detectable. The present tools for the measurement and diagnosis of asthma and asthma-related morbidity cannot surely predict the upcoming risks of morbidity due to medication. The article reviews the existing evidence of upcoming danger in people with asthma. This review is pivoted on the danger in people with “controlled” acute asthma. It is obvious from some studies that long-term use of corticosteroids cannot stop the progression of asthma and lung damage. The other results show that the adverse effect of the drugs increases even with the lesser dose of oral corticosteroids. So, there is a need for new therapies for the reduction of upcoming risks due to asthma. Keywords: Asthma, Risk, Severity.

HUBUNGAN INDEKS MASSA TUBUH (IMT) DENGAN RASIO VOLUME EKSPIRASI PAKSA SATU DETIK PERTAMA PER KAPASITAS VITAL PAKSA (VEP1/KVP) PADA PASIEN ASMA STABIL DI RSUD KOTA MATARAM 2019

Saat ini asma masih menjadi salah satu masalah kesehatan utama baik di negara maju maupun di negara berkembang. Diperkirakan terdapat 300 juta penduduk di dunia menderita asma. Prevalensi asma di Indonesia sendiri pada tahun 2018 sebesar 2,4%. Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB) berada di peringkat ke 7 dengan angka kejadian mencapai 2,5%. Asma adalah penyakit heterogen dengan berbagai proses penyebab yang mendasarinya. Salah satu penyebab asma yang telah diidentifkasi adalah asma dengan obesitas. Gold standart dalam pemeriksaan penyakit asma adalah spirometri. Parameter yang dinilai dalam pemeriksaan spirometri untuk menilai derajat obstruksi pasien asma adalah VEP1/KVP. Perubahan pada IMT baik overweight maupun underweight akan menyebabkan perubahan mekanik dan kimiawi sistem pernapasan yang nantinya berperan sebagai faktor yang berpengaruh dan memperberat nilai VE1/KVP pada pasien asma. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini mengetahui hubungan indek massa tubuh dengan rasio volume ekspirasi paksa satu detik pertama per kapasital vital paksa pada pasien asma stabil di RSUD Kota Mataram 2019. Penelitian ini merupakan analitik observasional, dengan rancangan cross sectional. Sumber data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa data sekunder dari rekam medik pasien asma yang menjalani rawat jalan di RSUD Kota Mataram 2019 berupa data berat badan dan tinggi badan serta nilai VEP1/KVP. Sampel pada penelitian ini berjumlah 118 orang. Analisis data menggunakan rank spearman dengan bantuan software SPSS versi 25. Hasil analisis didapatkan nilai p-value 0,000 (p-value ≤0,05), yang berarti terdapat hubungan antara IMT dan VEP1/KVP pada pasien asma stabil. Terdapat hubungan antara Indeks Massa Tubuh dengan rasio VEP1/KVP pada pasien asma stabil di RSUD Kota Mataram 2019.Kata Kunci: Asma, indeks massa tubuh, VEP1/KVP.ABSTRACTRight now, asthma is as yet one of the principle medical issues in both created and non-industrial nations. The highest quality level in inspecting asthma is spirometry. The boundary evaluated in the spirometry assessment to survey the level of impediment in asthma patients was FEV1/FVC. Changes in BMI both overweight and underweight will cause mechanical and synthetic changes in the respiratory framework which will later go about as an impacting factor and bother the VE1/KVP esteem in asthma patients. The reason for this examination to decide the connection between weight file and the proportion of constrained expiratory volume of the first second per constrained fundamental limit in stable asthma patients at Mataram City Clinic 2019. This examination was an observational scientific contemplated, with a cross sectional plan. This examination utilizing optional information from clinical records of asthma patients as weight and tallness information just as VEP1/KVP esteems. The patients are going through outpatient at the Mataram City Medical clinic in 2019. The example in this investigation added up to 118 individuals. Information examination utilized position spearman with the assistance of SPSS form 25 programming The aftereffects of the investigation utilizing Rank Spearmen acquired a p-value of 0.000 (p-value ≤0.05), which implies that there is a connection among BMI and FEV1/FVC in stable asthma patients at Mataram City Clinic 2019.Keywords: Asthma, body mass index, FEV1/FVC.

Pros and Cons of Nebulizer Treatment in Asthma Exacerbation During the COVID-19 Pandemic

ABSTRACT Nebulizers generate aerosols and may potentially transmit respiratory viral particles including SARS-CoV-2. There is a great concern about the use of a nebulizer in the treatment of asthma exacerbations in the hospital or home setting during the COVID-19 pandemic and its use is not recommended unless essential. However, aerosol therapy should not be avoided in obligatory indications. Therefore, indications of nebulizer use during the pandemic should be evaluated on an individual basis in case of a severe asthma attack, and infection control recommendations should be followed by clinicians while using nebulizers. In this article, we aimed to assess the safety in addition to the “pro” and “con” sides of nebulizer treatment in asthma exacerbation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Keywords: Asthma, coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, nebulizers

RISK FACTORS FOR INNER CITY ASTHMA PATIENTS

Asthma patients in inner cities have the highest prevalence of asthma and the highest death rates in America. The purpose of this study was to evaluate sensitization and exposure to common indoor allergens seen for asthma treatment at Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Ga. Eighty asthma patients were enrolled in the emergency department and 64 in hospital clinics in this study. Neither sensitization nor visibility In this population, cat allergens are prevalent. The findings show that black asthma patients are exposed to high levels of mite and cockroach allergens in downtown Atlanta and that a high percentage of patients with asthma are sensitized to these allergens; a significant risk factor for asthma in this population is the combination of sensitization and exposure. Keywords: asthma; mechanical ventilation, status asthmaticus , Pathophysiology epidemiology mechanisms.

ACUTE ASTHMA, PROGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT

Background: Asthma is a major health problem affecting all ages that increase the mortality rate worldwide. Early detection of its signs and symptoms are essential to control and maintain the disease and effective treatments are administrated, such as; ?-agonists and corticosteroids. The current review is about acute asthma, prognosis, and treatment. Methods: Scientific articles that linked to the present topic were obtained using an online searching process. The searching process included different scientific websites such as Google Scholar and PubMed. We obtained 16 articles that matched with the current subject and written in English. Of those 16 articles, 4 were excluded as they published before 2000, or mayn’t focusing on the present topic, or written in a language other than English; therefore, only 12 papers were included, and they were published till 2020. Results: Articles were selected according to the inclusion criteria that we selected, and then the discussion of the subject was performed under the main titles. Conclusion: Asthma is one of the most chronic inflammatory disease that increased the mortality rate worldwide. Asthma could affect 300 million individuals and account for one death among 250 death cases. All patients admitted with asthma exacerbation should be assessed promptly through detecting and recognition worsening signs and symptoms. The initial treatment includes oxygen administration, Short-acting ?-agonist, and systematic corticosteroids. Decreasing the severity of asthma exacerbations by improving daily therapy for asthma, controlling environmental triggers, and increasing patient education toward asthma risks and how they recognize its symptoms and seek for health care help. Keywords: Asthma exacerbations, ?-agonist, corticosteroids, differential diagnosis, fatal and non-fatal asthma.