Radiation doses to the population of the Russian Federation in 2020

The article presents estimates of radiation doses of technogenic exposure to personnel and the public due to the normal operation of radiation facilities, exposure to the public due to natural sources and technogenically altered radiation environment, and medical exposure of patients. The doses values were obtained using the Unified System of Individual Dose Control of the Russian Federation citizens for 2020. The authors have analyzed the data contained in the forms of state statistical observation No. 1-DOZ, No. 2-DOZ, No. 3-DOZ and No. 4-DOZ for 2020 submitted by the organizations and territories, the state sanitary and epidemiological supervision of which was carried out by Rospotrebnadzor and Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia. In the article also were used data obtained within the framework of Radiation-Hygiene Passportization. In 2020, 19 737 organizations dealing with technogenic sources of ionizing radiation submitted forms No. 1-DOZ with the information on the doses to personnel with a total number of 230 318 persons, of which 230 318 persons belonged to the personnel group A and 21 303 persons belonged to the personnel group B. For these groups, the doses were assessed based on results of individual dosimetric control. In 2020, according to Unified System of Individual Dose Control of the Russian Federation citizens data, the average individual annual effective dose of technogenic exposure to the personnel group A was 1.11 mSv, and for the personnel group B it was 0.63 mSv. In 2020, 6 cases of exceeding the average annual effective dose limit (20 mSv) for Group A personnel and 18 cases of exceeding the average annual effective dose limit (5 mSv) for Group B personnel were registered. The total number of X-ray and radiological diagnostic procedures performed in the Russian Federation in 2020 exceeded 275.4 million, or 1.83 procedures per a citizen. The average annual effective dose of medical radiation exposure per one resident of Russia in 2020 was 0.81 mSv, and per procedure – 0.44 mSv. The average annual effective dose of radiation to residents of the Russian Federation from natural sources, according to all measurements for the period from 2001 to 2020, was 3.36 mSv. More than 59% of this dose is associated with the inhalation of radon and its progenies. The average individual annual effective radiation dose to residents the Russian Federation subjects in 2020 ranged from 2.47 mSv (Kamchatka Krai) to 9.06 mSv (Altai Republic) with an average value for the Russian Federation of 4.18 mSv. For eight subjects of the Russian Federation, the average individual annual effective dose to public in 2020 exceeded 5 mSv: the Republics of Buryatia (5.31 mSv), Altai (9.06 mSv), Tyva (6.31 mSv), Magadan (5.07 mSv) and Irkutsk (6.13 mSv) regions, Stavropol (6.31 mSv) and Zabaykalsky (8.19 mSv) krai and the Evreiskaya Autonomous oblast (6.77 mSv).

A Future of Current Flow Modelling for Transcranial Electrical Stimulation?

Purpose of Review Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is used to non-invasively modulate brain activity in health and disease. Current flow modeling (CFM) provides estimates of where and how much electrical current is delivered to in the brain during tES. It therefore holds promise as a method to reduce commonplace variability in tES delivery and, in turn, the outcomes of stimulation. However, the adoption of CFM has not yet been widespread and its impact on tES outcome variability is unclear. Here, we discuss the potential barriers to effective, practical CFM-informed tES use. Recent Findings CFM has progressed from models based on concentric spheres to gyri-precise head models derived from individual MRI scans. Users can now estimate the intensity of electrical fields (E-fields), their spatial extent, and the direction of current flow in a target brain region during tES. Here. we consider the multi-dimensional challenge of implementing CFM to optimise stimulation dose: this requires informed decisions to prioritise E-field characteristics most likely to result in desired stimulation outcomes, though the physiological consequences of the modelled current flow are often unknown. Second, we address the issue of a disconnect between predictions of E-field characteristics provided by CFMs and predictions of the physiological consequences of stimulation which CFMs are not designed to address. Third, we discuss how ongoing development of CFM in conjunction with other modelling approaches could overcome these challenges while maintaining accessibility for widespread use. Summary The increasing complexity and sophistication of CFM is a mandatory step towards dose control and precise, individualised delivery of tES. However, it also risks counteracting the appeal of tES as a straightforward, cost-effective tool for neuromodulation, particularly in clinical settings.

A future of current flow modelling for transcranial electrical stimulation?

Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is used to non-invasively modulate brain activity in health and disease. Current flow modeling (CFM) provides estimates of where, and how much electrical current is delivered to the brain during tES. It therefore holds promise as a method to reduce commonplace variability in tES delivery and, in turn, the outcomes of stimulation. However, the adoption of CFM has not yet been widespread and its impact on tES outcome variability is unclear. Here we discuss the potential barriers to effective, practical CFM-informed tES use. We first consider the multi-dimensional challenge of optimising stimulation dose. CFMs estimate the intensity of electrical fields (E-fields), their spatial extent, and the direction of current flow in a target brain region during tES. Researchers must make informed decisions to prioritise E-field characteristics most likely to result in desired stimulation outcomes, though the physiological consequences of the modelled current flow are often unknown. Second, we address the issue of a disconnect between predictions of E-field characteristics provided by CFMs, and predictions of the physiological consequences of stimulation which CFMs are not designed to address. Third, we discuss how ongoing development of CFM in conjunction with other modelling approaches could overcome these challenges while maintaining accessibility for widespread use. The increasing complexity and sophistication of CFM is a mandatory step towards dose control and precise, individualised delivery of tES, but also risks counteracting the appeal of tES as a straight-forward, cost effective tool for neuromodulation, particularly in clinical settings.

Effect of two surfactants on in vitro permeation of butorphanol through horse nasal mucosa

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of two surfactants on in vitro permeation of butorphanol through equine nasal mucosa. Franz diffusion cells and equine nasal mucosa were used. Three formulations were developed based on citric acid, sodium citrate, sodium chloride, and butorphanol tartrate and administered at a 24.4 g cm-3 dose. Control formulation lacked any penetration enhancer. Formulation 1 (F1) had a cationic surfactant (cetrimonium bromide) and formulation 2 (F2) had a non-ionic surfactant (Tween 80). Statistically comparing flux values at the steady state (Jss), apparent permeability coefficient (Kp), and lag-time from control, F1 and F2 for the respiratory region does not show statistically significant differences (α= 0.05). However, statistically significant differences were found on the Jss and Kp, values from control, F1, and F2 in olfactory mucosa. A statistical analysis on the latter showed significant differences between the Jss values of F1 and F2 and between control and F2. Based on this, Tween 80 proved to be a promising excipient in developing intranasal butorphanol formulations in equines since it increases its passage through the nasal mucosa. These results are very promising to continue with the development of intranasal butorphanol formulation in equines.

Historical Aspects and Practice of the Use of Total Therapeutic Human Exposure

The article discusses the historical experience of introducing into practice the clinic of the State Research Center Institute of Biophysics, Ministry of Health of the USSR, the method of irradiation of the whole patient's body on a device containing 137 Cs at a dose of 10–12 Gy before bone marrow transplantation. To ensure the safety of the total therapeutic irradiation method (TTI, total body irradiation – TBI in the world literature), as well as to maintain the specified irradiation parameters, a dose control system was used using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) attached to the patient's body at each irradiation fraction to correct the total dose to the last fraction. In addition to the therapeutic procedure, the TTO model was used to study aspects of verification of emergency exposure and other issues of supporting cases of acute radiation disease. The practical part of the article illustrates the method of radiation dose control using TLD at 22 points when changing the TTI (TBI) technique to a linear accelerator for radiotherapy 6 MeV to perform the procedure with a more preferable dose rate and reduce the patient's exposure time for a fraction of radiation at a dose of 2 Gy for 40 to 20 minutes. The article presents the parameters of the irradiation according to the method and the data obtained on the basis of TLD during the irradiation of the patient according to the modified method. The correspondence of the radiation dose, as well as the irregularity of the irradiation to the specified parameters (less than 10 %), as well as the effectiveness of the use of lung protection with dose reduction from 12 to 8 Gy, is shown. The specified measurements using TLD should be carried out when changing the method at the first actual application, especially in the absence of preliminary phantom measurements. A clear understanding of the principles of radiation therapy in the case of TTI (TBI) is an invaluable experience of doctors, which is used in the treatment of rare cases of acute radiation sickness as a result of emergency (uncontrolled) exposure, both at radiation-hazardous enterprises and with known calculation errors in planning therapeutic radiation.

EFEKTIFITAS EKSTRAK CABE JAWA (Piper retrofactrum Vahl) UNTUK MASKULINISASI IKAN CUPANG (Betta splendens)

Betta fish in one spawning period produce a higher ratio of female fish, while male betta fish will produce a higher amount of profit in cultivation. So it is necessary to increase the production of male betta fish with sex reversal. This study aims to evaluate the effect of java long pepper (Piper retrovactrum Vahl) extract and determine the right time in the masculinization process of betta fish. The research design used was a randomized block design (RBD) with 4 doses of java long pepper extract and 3 age groups. The dosage levels used for treatment were P1 (without additional dose/control), P2 (0,5 mg/L), P3 (1 mg/L), and P4 (2 mg/L) with larvae age groups of 3, 5, and 7 days after hatching. Soaking was carried out for 5 hours in each age group of larvae. The results showed that the use of java long pepper extract was able to direct the percentage of males (p<0,05) with the highest value of 43,67±9,92%. The dose of ajava long ppper extract of 2 mg/L (P4) is considered the best dose in producing the percentage of male betta fish. Meanwhile, different age groups had the same effect on the percentage of male betta fish (p>0,05).

Study Protocol: Phase I Dose Escalation Study of Oxaliplatin, Cisplatin and Doxorubicin Applied as PIPAC in Patients with Peritoneal Metastases

Pressurized Intra-Peritoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy (PIPAC) is a novel laparoscopic intraperitoneal chemotherapy approach offered in selected patients affected by non-resectable peritoneal carcinomatosis. Drugs doses currently established for nebulization are very low: oxaliplatin (OXA) 120 mg/sm, cisplatin (CDDP) 10.5 mg/sm and doxorubicin (DXR) 2.1 mg/sm. A model-based approach for dose-escalation design in a single PIPAC procedure and subsequent dose escalation steps is planned. The starting dose of oxaliplatin is 100 mg/sm with a maximum estimated dose of 300 mg/sm; an escalation with overdose and under-dose control (for probability of toxicity less than 16% in case of under-dosing and probability of toxicity greater than 33% in case of overdosing) will be further applied. Cisplatin is used in association with doxorubicin: A two-dimensional dose-finding design is applied on the basis of the estimated dose limiting toxicity (DLT) at all combinations. The starting doses are 15 mg/sm for cisplatin and 3 mg/sm for doxorubicin. Safety is assessed according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE version 4.03). Secondary endpoints include radiological response according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumor (version 1.1) and pharmacokinetic analyses. This phase I study can provide the scientific basis to maximize the optimal dose of cisplatin, doxorubicin and oxaliplatin applied as PIPAC.

A thermal dose controller for laser interstitial thermal therapy

Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is a minimally invasive technique for destroying localized solid tumors by heating with light. An obstacle to widespread adoption of LITT is the lack of adequate control of heating of surrounding healthy tissue and prevention of tissue and fiber-tip charring. An LITT thermal dose controller was developed to address these issues. The goal of the controller is to deliver prescribed thermal dose at a target location in tissue in a present treatment time. The developed feedback controller has a cascade structure with primary thermal dose control loop continuously generating the reference temperature for the secondary, constrained, model predictive temperature controller. The performance of controller was evaluated in simulated linear and non-linear tissue models and in albumen phantoms. The control system demonstrated the ability to achieve treatment goals across all evaluation models by delivering 240 eq. min dose at 5 mm in various preset treatment times.

A thermal dose controller for laser interstitial thermal therapy

Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is a minimally invasive technique for destroying localized solid tumors by heating with light. An obstacle to widespread adoption of LITT is the lack of adequate control of heating of surrounding healthy tissue and prevention of tissue and fiber-tip charring. An LITT thermal dose controller was developed to address these issues. The goal of the controller is to deliver prescribed thermal dose at a target location in tissue in a present treatment time. The developed feedback controller has a cascade structure with primary thermal dose control loop continuously generating the reference temperature for the secondary, constrained, model predictive temperature controller. The performance of controller was evaluated in simulated linear and non-linear tissue models and in albumen phantoms. The control system demonstrated the ability to achieve treatment goals across all evaluation models by delivering 240 eq. min dose at 5 mm in various preset treatment times.