The Economies of Oceania

This chapter provides an overview of the economic performance and current situation of the economies in the Oceanic region. Oceania comprises the economically developed countries of Australia and New Zealand plus the more than 20 island countries and protectorates of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. In 2018, Australia dominated the region in terms of population (71% of the total for Oceania) and gross domestic product (86%). Melanesia, which includes Papua New Guinea, Fiji, and New Caledonia, contained 26% of the region's population and generated 4% of its gross regional product. According to the authors' forecasting model, Oceania's share of both world population and gross world product will rise strongly during the coming three decades, admittedly from a low base. Reflecting the high degree of complementarity of the Oceanic economies with those of Asia, this strong growth in the Oceanic region should support increasingly attractive opportunities for trade and investment with the economies of Asia.

The Economies of East Asia

In 2018, East Asia accounted for accounted for 31% of gross world product (GWP). A global forecasting model developed by Hooke and updated by Hooke, Alati, and Kaur for the first three chapters of this book suggests that the region's share will remain at about this level until 2050, with the effects of global labour productivity convergence more than offsetting East Asia's relatively slow work force growth. Thereafter, the share will decline to 18% by 2100 due mainly to more rapid productivity and work force growth in West Asia and Africa. China is expected to retain its position as the world's largest economy until about the middle of this century, at which time its GDP will be more than 2.5 times that of the United States. An important driver of growth in East Asia during the coming decades will be Indonesia, whose share of GWP is forecast to rise from 2.6% in 2018 to 3.8% by 2050.

PROBLEMS OF MEDIAINDUSTRY MODEL FORMATION IN MODERN RESEARCH

The article highlights modern approaches to defining the essence of the concept of "mediaindustry" and its composition. Mediaindustry is an essential part of the national and world economic system, which, in addition to its contributing to the creation of gross world product has a significant impact on all aspects of the individual, society and the state life as a whole. The genesis of approaches to the definition of the mediaindustry originates in the emergence of concepts of cultural and creative industries, the media of mass comunication. Despite, the concept of mediaindustry is often used, however, the definition of its essence and its components are not always clear or does not take into account current trends. Most existing modern approaches to defining the essence of the mediaindustry do not fully take into account its unique features as a phenomenon of cultural and, at the same time, economic sphere. Many definitions are have a generalized and vague approach, the lack of criteria by which the composition of the mediaindustry can be determined. Many aspects are insufficiently substantiated and debatable thats why further research in this area is necessery. A lot of factors complicate the understanding of the mediaindustry, such as the significant diversity of activities in this area, the close connection with related fields and industries and, finally, the ambiguity of interpretations of the categories of media and related cultural and creative industries. The lack of the mediaindustry clear definition, a clear list of mediaindustry composition and structure complicate research in this area. For this purpose, authors clarified the content of the concept of "mediaindustry", identified its composition and structure, developed a network model of the mediaindustry and proposed the main characteristics which allow to relate companies to the mediaindustry. The paper also describes the transformation processes occurring in the mediaindustry under the influence of technology development, changes in the processes of production, distribution and consumption of content and content itself.

Technology and Gross World Product

This chapter divides the economic history of humans into technological eras and uses a population multiplied by per capita income approach to estimate gross world product in each era and, therefore, for the history of humankind. It also provides an overview of the major technologies that introduced each era and supported growth during the era. The chapter uses a model developed by the authors to predict gross world product during the remainder of the 21st century (2021-2100). It also considers which economies might have been the largest in the world since the dawn of civilisation about 6,000 years ago. The chapter concludes with the prediction that China, India, and the United States will remain the dominant economic powers during the remainder of the 21st century, that the gross domestic product (GDP) of India will pass that of the United States in the late 2030s and the GDP of China in the late 2040s, and will be more than 50% larger than that of second-placed China by 2100.

The Economies of West Asia

While East Asia has been the dominant economic region in Asia for several centuries, the gross regional product (GRP) of West Asia (comprising Southern, Central, and Western Asia) is projected to surpass that of East Asia by 2050 and to be 40% larger by 2100. In 2018, West Asia accounted for accounted for 17% of gross world product (GWP) compared with 31% by East Asia. It is projected that West Asia's share of GWP will rise to 31% by 2050 and 35% in 2060 before falling back to 25% in 2100. The dominant economy will be India, whose GDP is expected to surpass that of China by 2050 and to be 50% larger by 2100.

Monitoring of the current situation and prospects of tourism development in the regions of Ukraine

Present-day status of tourist industry in Ukrainian and future outlook of its development were considered. Recommendations of rational application of Ukrainian natural-reserved territories and enhancement of the strategic plan development of tourism in Ukraine were proposed. Tourism is an important part of every country's infrastructure. After all, tourism enterprises and organizations operate in close cooperation with other economic activities, providing employment. This, in turn, develops a positive image and attractiveness of the country as a sphere of entrepreneurship and business cooperation, promotes sustainable economic growth in the long run, attracting foreign investment in the economy, strengthening the revenue side of the state budget, improving the country's balance of payments and The tourism business in Ukraine today can rightly be considered dynamic and profitable. According to the statistics of the World Tourism Organization, tourism accounts for 10 % of gross world product, 7 % of total investment, 5 % of all tax revenues. Tourism directly affects about 40 sectors of the economy and 10–15 % of the working population of any country: it is a whole industry that unites around many related industries, such as passenger transport (air, car and sea), the field of household Geography and tourism 159 services (hotels, restaurants, laundries, entertainment facilities, etc.), souvenirs and much more. Monitoring of the state of development of the tourism sector today demonstrates the need to intensify processes and measures to overcome the detrimental impact of the pandemic on the tourism market of the domestic economy. The nationwide implementation of all anti-crisis levers, systematization and consistency in the implementation of all measures will help to stabilize the development of tourism entities as soon as possible and achieve the level of economic efficiency.

Energetic regimes of the global economy – past, present and future

For centuries both engineers and economists have collaborated to attempt to raise economic productivity through efficiency improvements. Global primary energy use (PEU) and gross world product (GWP) data 1950–2018 reveal a the effects of aggregate energy efficiency (AEE) improvements since the 1950's have been characterised by two distinct behavioural regimes. Prior to the energy supply shocks in the 1970s the AEE of the global economy was remarkably constant such that PEU and GWP growth were fully coupled. We suggest this regime is associated with attempts to maximise growth in GWP. In contrast, in the 1970s the global economy transitioned to a lower growth regime that promoted maximising growth in AEE such that GWP growth is maximised while simultaneously attempting to minimise PEU growth, a regime that appears to persist to this day. Low carbon energy transition scenarios generally present the perceived ability to raise growth in AEE at least three fold from 2020 as a tactic to slow greenhouse gas emissions via lower PEU growth. Although the 1970s indicate rapid transitions in patterns of energy use are possible, our results suggest that any promise to reduce carbon emissions based on enhancing the rate of efficiency improvements could prove difficult to realise in practice because the growth rates of AEE, PEU and GWP do not evolve independently, but rather co-evolve in ways that reflect the underlying thermodynamic structure of the economy.

BRAIN INJURY: MEDICO-SOCIAL AND SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS. Review

The review provides up-to-date data on the medico-social significance and scientific aspects of traumatic brain injury (TBI), in particular, the processes of neuroinflammation and the development of autoimmune reactions. According to the results of the analysis of open literature (PumMed database), it is established that among persons of working age, TBI holds the first place in the mortality structure, which is 2-3 times higher in Ukraine than similar indicators of economically developed countries. Each year, TBI costs the world economy about $ 400 billion, which is 0.5% of the gross world product. From a scientific point of view, TBI can be regarded as a continuous, possibly lifelong, process that affects multiple organ systems and can be a cause of traumatic disease. The main pathogenetic mechanisms of TBI that successively change each other (necrosis, axonal damage, gliosis/microgliosis, apoptosis, demyelinization and neuroregeneration) are highlighted.

Introduction of microgeneration and energy-saving technologies within the concept of green economy: foreign experience and Russia

The aim of this work is a comparative analysis of the level of development of microgeneration and energy-saving technologies in the framework of the national economy of Russia and the world. The relevance is predetermined by the rapid growth of the investment policy of microgrids and energy-saving technologies based on renewable energy sources (2.6 trillion dollars). Basic information research provided analytical reviews, reports and analytical materials, specialized international departments and agencies, the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation, as well as the work of Russian and foreign scientists. Understanding the large-scale tasks related to the development, as well as the development of national and international relations, are an incentive for the pursuit of cleaner, primarily technologies. By 2030, provided that the current course on sustainable development is maintained, the green economy should grow to 10 % of the gross world product. Microenergy is an energy-efficient energy source in the restructuring of Russia's energy sector - the transition from a centralized system, the use of large sources of electricity production, the use of various energy sources that are most suitable for these environmental conditions and the characteristics of natural consumers. Reducing the negative impact of pollution on health and the environment can significantly reduce the burden on the economy, thereby freeing up resources for its growth. The transition of the global economy to a model of green growth will require significant efforts to expand international cooperation. This will require consistent government policies over many years. It is advisable for Russia to join in the development of methodologies and the creation of tools for implementing green initiatives.

The BRICS nations and their priorities

The so-called “BRICS nations” have recently proven to be the most fascinating group of worldwide economies that collaborate with each other. The name is an acronym for an association comprising Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The BRICS members are all developing or newly industrialised countries, they are however distinguished by their large, rapidly growing economies and their significant impact on regional and global affairs. Before the inclusion of South Africa, the organisation was known as BRIC. On 13 April 2011, when South Africa joined the group, BRIC gained the letter “S”. The name “BRIC” itself was used for the first time by Jim O’Neill, a British economist of Goldman Sachs. Published in November 2001 and then widespread, O’Neill’s forecast predicted that by the half of the 21st century those countries would have become world powers. As of 2014, the BRICS countries represent almost 3 billion people – approximately 40% of the entire world population. The five nations have a combined nominal GDP of US$ 16.039 trillion, equivalent to approximately 20% of the gross world product, and an estimated US$ 4 trillion in combined foreign reserves. Since 2010, the representatives of the BRICS government have been meeting annually at formal summits. The nations within this group do not form a political alliance or an official trade association. The priorities of the members are as follows: Development of a new currency system; Reforming the United Nations, Increasing the role of developing countries in the international monetary institutions. Having regard to the emerging political and economic changes on a global scale, the BRICS nations have been undertaking new ventures and initiatives aimed to make them key players on the international arena. Today, it is really captivating to see to what extent those intentions are real and exercisable.