Prolegomena for Cyborgoethics

This chapter draws philosophical and ethical attention to the procedures for enhancing and reshaping of the human body and mind whose aim is not to heal but to increase functions and capabilities of the healthy body and mind and establishing life on a new non-biological basis. Completely enhancing cyborgization of social relations and the entire historical reality of scientific humanism and the domination of artificial intelligence over human intelligence will not be in the function of preservation of life of man but establishing partially or completely artificial beings which will not need their biological father.

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Do COVID-19-Related Stress, Being Overweight, and Body Dissatisfaction Contribute to More Disordered Eating in Polish Women?—A Cluster Analysis Approach

We hypothesized that women who are overweight, experiencing COVID-19-related stress, and with high body dissatisfaction would have significantly greater disordered eating than those of healthy weight, without stress, and with low body dissatisfaction. Participants (N = 1354 women; Mage= 31.89 years, SD = 11.14) filled in the Contour Drawing Rating Scale, the Emotional Overeating Questionnaire, the Eating Motivation Survey, the Mindful Eating Questionnaire, and a COVID-19-related stress measure and sociodemographic survey. The cluster analysis technique revealed four distinct clusters: (a) Cluster 1 (N = 314): healthy body weight, no COVID-related stress, and low body dissatisfaction (M = 1.19); (b) Cluster 2 (N = 131): overweight, no COVID-related stress, and high body dissatisfaction (M = 2.41); (c) Cluster 3 (N = 597): healthy body weight, COVID-related stress, and low body dissatisfaction (M = 1.27); (d) Cluster 4 (N = 312): overweight, COVID-related stress, and high body dissatisfaction (M = 2.84). Generally, our outcomes partially support our hypothesis, as higher levels of some types of disordered eating were observed in women who were overweight with COVID-related stress and high body dissatisfaction (Cluster 4) as compared with women with healthy body weight, no COVID-related stress, and with low levels of body dissatisfaction (Cluster 1). Our results indicate that both body weight status, as well as COVID-19-related stress and body dissatisfaction, may contribute to the intensity of disordered eating. During future epidemic-related quarantines, this may be an argument in favor of organizing support regarding emotional functioning, body image, and eating behaviors, particularly for the most vulnerable groups—including overweight and obese women.

The Pleiotropic Potential of BDNF beyond Neurons: Implication for a Healthy Mind in a Healthy Body

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) represents one of the most widely studied neurotrophins because of the many mechanisms in which it is involved. Among these, a growing body of evidence indicates BDNF as a pleiotropic signaling molecule and unveils non-negligible implications in the regulation of energy balance. BDNF and its receptor are extensively expressed in the hypothalamus, regions where peripheral signals, associated with feeding control and metabolism activation, and are integrated to elaborate anorexigenic and orexigenic effects. Thus, BDNF coordinates adaptive responses to fluctuations in energy intake and expenditure, connecting the central nervous system with peripheral tissues, including muscle, liver, and the adipose tissue in a complex operational network. This review discusses the latest literature dealing with the involvement of BDNF in the maintenance of energy balance. We have focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms by which BDNF: (I) controls the mitochondrial function and dynamics; (II) influences thermogenesis and tissue differentiation; (III) mediates the effects of exercise on cognitive functions; and (IV) modulates insulin sensitivity and glucose transport at the cellular level. Deepening the understanding of the mechanisms exploited to maintain energy homeostasis will lay the groundwork for the development of novel therapeutical approaches to help people to maintain a healthy mind in a healthy body.

A REVIEW ON THE ROLE OF VIRECHANA IN VARIOUS SKIN DISEASES

Virechan is one of the Shodhan Chikitsa described in ayurvedic texts. It is mainly advised in the pitta and rakta Pradhan diseases. All skin diseases in ayurveda have been considered under kustha. At present time antibiotics and antifungal medicines are being resistant, so it is becoming difficult day by day to cure such skin diseases, but in Ayurveda, Virechan karma is a very powerful therapy to combat these diseases. Skin is the index of our body. Healthy skin represents a healthy body. Improper usage of foods and drinks along with unhealthy activities mani- fest diseases. Virechan karma is the second therapy in the sequence of panchakarmas, the most widely used pu- rificatory procedure especially for paitika and raktas diseases. It is also useful in the disorders in which pitta is associated with vata or kapha. Ayurveda states that sluggish liver (dysfunction of the liver) associated with doshic imbalance causes skin diseases. There are so many skin diseases that are not curable by other procedures. Accord- ing to Ayurveda Virechan karma is very much beneficial in curing the different obstinate skin diseases as psoria- sis, eczema, acne vulgaris, vitiligo, leukoderma etc. Ayurveda always looks to the root cause so the patient can restore their body to a healthy state and eliminate the symptoms of skin diseases. This article deals with various skin diseases and their treatment by using Virechan therapy. Keywords: Virechan, Shodhanchikitsa, Skin Diseases, Psoriasis, Panchkarma,

An Investigation into the Body Mass Index Levels of Female University Students and Women from Different Ages

The purpose of this study was to determine and to evaluate the Body Mass Index (BMI) levels of female students between the ages of 20 and 30 who study at Amasya University and women between the ages of 40 and 60 who live in Amasya since BMI levels are of great importance to determine the body fat levels for a healthy body. We recruited 910 female students and 688 women. All participants had no health problems. The formula we used for BMI levels of the participants was BMI = kg/m2. We relied on such parameters as mean, standart deviation, minimum and maximum values for statistical analyses of the data. We conducted the independent samples t test to see if there was any statistically significant differences between groups. The findings showed that female university students’ body mass index levels were 21.84 kg/m2, while women living in Amasya had 27.68 kg/m2 body mass index levels. We found a statistically significant difference in the body mass index levels between the groups in favor of the female university students. We conclude that female university students between the ages of 20 and 30 who study at Amasya University had normal levels of BMI when compared with women between the ages of 40 and 60 who live in Amasya.