I don't know you, Random Man: Adolescent female perceptions of procedural justice during police contact

<p>This study explored female adolescent perceptions of procedural justice during police interactions in New Zealand. Available research on youth and procedural justice, is male-focused or treats youth as homogenous. No recent research has investigated female interactions with police, although police are the gatekeepers to the criminal justice system, and the rate of female incarceration is increasing rapidly in New Zealand. This qualitative study is feminist-informed and employed semi-structured interviews of 11 female adolescents who had experienced police contact within the previous five years. Transcripts of these interviews were subjected to thematic analysis and three key themes were identified: invasion of space, communication of authority, and presentation of risk. The results indicate that gender dynamics do influence female adolescents in their navigation of these three themes, and thereby, impact their perceptions of procedural justice during police encounters.</p>

I don't know you, Random Man: Adolescent female perceptions of procedural justice during police contact

<p>This study explored female adolescent perceptions of procedural justice during police interactions in New Zealand. Available research on youth and procedural justice, is male-focused or treats youth as homogenous. No recent research has investigated female interactions with police, although police are the gatekeepers to the criminal justice system, and the rate of female incarceration is increasing rapidly in New Zealand. This qualitative study is feminist-informed and employed semi-structured interviews of 11 female adolescents who had experienced police contact within the previous five years. Transcripts of these interviews were subjected to thematic analysis and three key themes were identified: invasion of space, communication of authority, and presentation of risk. The results indicate that gender dynamics do influence female adolescents in their navigation of these three themes, and thereby, impact their perceptions of procedural justice during police encounters.</p>

A supergene in seaweed flies modulates male traits and female perception

Supergenes, tightly linked allelic combinations that underlie complex adaptive phenotypes represent a critical mechanism protecting intra-specific polymorphism. Supergenes represent some of the best examples of balancing selection in nature and there is increasing evidence that disassortative mating, when individuals preferentially mate with dissimilar phenotypes, is a key force stabilizing supergene polymorphisms. Yet, the underlying biological mechanisms and genetic basis of disassortative mating remain poorly known. Here, we examine a possible mechanism of disassortative mating driven by female mate choice in relation to the overdominant Cf-Inv(1) supergene in the seaweed fly Coelopa frigida by investigating chemical communication and its genomic architecture. We show that Cf-Inv(1) strongly affects chemical signaling; cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) composition differed between genotypes in males but not females across two continents. In tandem, Cf-Inv(1) affected female perception of these compounds; females are able to sense 36 compounds from the male CHC cocktail but show differential perception between genotypes for almost half of them. This indicates that the genetic underpinnings of male traits and female perceptions are tightly linked within Cf-Inv(1) which likely facilitates disassortative mating. A differential expression approach based on candidate genes for CHC biosynthesis and odorant detection revealed differential expression for CHC biosynthesis in males alone but broad changes in odorant receptors across both sexes. Furthermore, odorant genes clustered together within Cf-Inv(1), with some of them differing between arrangements by 8.3% at the protein level, suggesting evolution via tandem duplication then divergence. We propose that the tight linkage between overdominant loci, male traits, and female perception has helped to maintain the Cf-Inv(1) polymorphism across its range in the face of supergene degeneration.

CHALLENGES OF LEARNING ENGLISH THROUGH MOBILE DEVICES: EFL TEACHERS’ PERSPECTIVES

There has been a growing interest in the use of mobile devices for mobile learning. There is a new branch of students in most schools nowadays who are easily connected to technology and innovative mobile devices. This study aims at investigating EFL teachers’ perceptions concerning mobile devices usage for mobile learning purposes. It also aims at finding out whether or not there are any significant differences between male and female perceptions regarding this new type of learning. To achieve these aims, two instruments have been constructed by the researchers a questionnaire and an interview. The results are discussed and conclusions are drawn at the end of the study.

Linking human male vocal parameters to perceptions, body morphology, strength and hormonal profiles in contexts of sexual selection

Sexual selection appears to have shaped the acoustic signals of diverse species, including humans. Deep, resonant vocalizations in particular may function in attracting mates and/or intimidating same-sex competitors. Evidence for these adaptive functions in human males derives predominantly from perception studies in which vocal acoustic parameters were manipulated using specialist software. This approach affords tight experimental control but provides little ecological validity, especially when the target acoustic parameters vary naturally with other parameters. Furthermore, such experimental studies provide no information about what acoustic variables indicate about the speaker—that is, why attention to vocal cues may be favored in intrasexual and intersexual contexts. Using voice recordings with high ecological validity from 160 male speakers and biomarkers of condition, including baseline cortisol and testosterone levels, body morphology and strength, we tested a series of pre-registered hypotheses relating to both perceptions and underlying condition of the speaker. We found negative curvilinear and negative linear relationships between male fundamental frequency (fo) and female perceptions of attractiveness and male perceptions of dominance. In addition, cortisol and testosterone negatively interacted in predicting fo, and strength and measures of body size negatively predicted formant frequencies (Pf). Meta-analyses of the present results and those from two previous samples confirmed that fonegatively predicted testosterone only among men with lower cortisol levels. This research offers empirical evidence of possible evolutionary functions for attention to men’s vocal characteristics in contexts of sexual selection.

Not the Cat’s Meow? The Impact of Posing with Cats on Female Perceptions of Male Dateability

The aim of this study was to investigate whether men were considered more attractive when posing for a photo alone or holding a cat. Prior research suggests that women view pet owners as more attractive and dateable than non-pet owners; however, this effect was strongest with dog owners. We hypothesized that men posing with cats would be more attractive than those posing alone. Using an online survey, women viewed images of a man posing alone or with a cat and rated the men on the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) and the Big Five Inventory. Women viewed men as less masculine when holding the cat; higher in neuroticism, agreeableness, and openness; and less dateable. These findings suggest that pets continue to play a role in women’s mate choices and dating preferences, but that a closer look at the effects of different species of pets is warranted.

“I Want to be a Leader, But Men Are Better Than Women in Leadership Positions”

This research paper investigates female perceptions of female leadership in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), where, particularly recently, state feminism has supported women’s occupation of leadership positions. It thus explores how state feminism’s portrayal of the ideal woman in leadership has impacted Emirati women’s perceptions of female leaders. A survey comprising 350 female Emirati students was undertaken, and results were supported by interviews. Findings suggest that although 93 percent of respondents “wanted to” or “probably wanted to” be leaders, they nevertheless endorsed “sexist” stereotypes and legitimizing myths. These contradictions are due, most likely, to ambivalent messages disseminated by the state and by society at large about female leaders. This research postulates that, while women have gained more agency in the public sphere through occupying leadership positions, their own perceptions and portrayals of acceptable gender roles are complex and ambivalent.