New forms of rental dwelling in contemporary Poland

Aim. The subject of the article are types of rental dwelling in contemporary Poland. The aim of this paper is to present the forms of contemporary living in terms of age groups, way of study or work and financing possibilities of Poles compared to other countries in the world. Methods. The authors of the article present selected new forms of rental dwelling in Poland in context of changes after the collapse of communist system in 1989. The article discusses the present situation of Polish real estate market basing on European statistics. It indicates the problem of limited availability of housing and presents solutions implemented by the government and the private sector market. Results and Conclusion. Poland is one of the European countries with the highest rate of people living in overcrowded apartments or houses. The solutions introduced by the state in order to increase the availability of housing and allowing the alternative to buying a flat, encounter difficulties with spatial planning regulations. In the absence of sufficient support of the government private sector market see its chance for profit in constructing and renting apartments. Cognitive value. The article describes the phenomenon of a growing private rental, that could be a shift in dwelling characteristic of Poles and influence the housing market. It presents new forms of developments, showing the background of their creation.

Analysing the effectiveness of the provisions at European level for guaranteeing equal pay amongst genders

This article aims to briefly understand and evaluate the main current European provisions for equal pay amongst genders. According to the European statistics compiled in 2012, the average differential in pay between the genders was 16% (in favour of men). In light of this statistic, this article critically analyses the provisions effectiveness at European level for guaranteeing equal pay. This research was carried out through a literature review. This is important to demonstrate, explain, and evaluate the current existent literature about this specific theme covered in this article. Furthermore, the literature review gives accuracy and validation to this research. In conclusion, there is a discussion on the challenges faced by European legislation to reduce unequal wages. The main finding relies on the evidence that women still earn less than men, even working at the same job. However, women had an efficient development over discrimination, offering them women effective legislation, although this factor explains only a little part of the pay gap. Keywords: Equal Pay. Human Resources. Employees. Europe. ResumoEste artigo tem como objetivo compreender e avaliar brevemente as principais disposições europeias para com a igualdade de remuneração entre os sexos. Segundo as estatísticas europeias compiladas em 2012, o diferencial médio de remuneração entre os sexos foi de 16% (a favor dos homens). De acordo com este dado, este artigo analisa criticamente a eficácia das disposições em nível europeu para garantir a igualdade de remuneração. Esta pesquisa foi realizada por meio de uma revisão de literatura. Isso é importante para demonstrar, explicar e avaliar a literatura existente sobre esse tema específico abordado neste artigo. Além disso, a revisão de literatura fornece precisão e validação para esta pesquisa. Em conclusão, há uma discussão sobre os desafios enfrentados pela legislação europeia para reduzir a desigualdade salarial. O resultado principal demonstra que as mulheres ainda ganham menos que os homens, mesmo trabalhando no mesmo emprego. No entanto, tiveram um desenvolvimento eficiente para superar a discriminação, oferecendo às mulheres uma legislação eficaz, embora esse fator explique apenas uma pequena parte da desigualdade salarial. Palavras-chave: Igualdade Salarial. Recursos Humanos. Colaboradores. Europa.

The judge and social media: A balance between the judge's freedom of expression and his independence and impartiality

The world has witnessed in the last decade the creation and dissemination of social media websites, such as Facebook, twitter, YouTube, Linkedin, and a myriad of other forums and blogs that have revolutionized ways of communication among individuals on personal and professional level. Given the above, the following paper investigates the extent to which judges could use and interact on social media websites to communicate with the outside world. The importance of this research seems to rise in light of what has been recently revealed by some American and European statistics that have shown a significant increase in the number of judges using social media. In answering this inquiry, Scholars and Courts have been divided into two main groups; the first of which denies judges the right to join or interact on social media websites to preserve judges’ impartiality and independence. The second group acknowledged judges’ right to use social media, but subjects this right to a number of limitations and conditions imposed by the nature of the judicial function. Based on the above, the roadmap of this paper will be divided into two main sections; the first of which will examine arguments of proponents and opponents of judges’ right to use social media. The second will be dedicated to address limitations and restrictions on judges’ right to use social media by means of analyzing a number of courts’ decisions in comparative legal systems.

Accessibility of data visualizations : An overview of European statistics institutes

Access to public data is important for people to stay informed. Access to visualizations of national statistics can be essential in order to take part in political discussions and so to shape a democratic society. In this chapter we investigate accessibility for people with disabilities to data visualizations from a selection of European National Statistics Institutes (NSIs). We outline related practices and approaches to accessibility improvements and propose a way to evaluate and compare accessibility aspects of data visualizations. The findings indicate that in contrast to the recently harmonized European legal requirements, the degree to which the data visualizations meet the requirements, and the approaches to meet them, are very different among the NSIs across Europe.

THE WORKING POOR: TOO LOW WAGE OR TOO MANY KIDS?

The “in-work at-risk-of-poverty rate” is a European indicator that is based on a series of assumptions rarely questioned although with particularly strong consequences for the calculation of the in-work poverty risk and for the design of policies to combat it. The purpose of this paper is to show the volatility in the measured proportions of working poor according to different methodological choices in terms of the unit of analysis, the measure of income and the population of workers. In a country-specific econometric analysis we show the differential impact of individual characteristics, the household structure and employment-related factors on the in-work poverty risk according to whether individual or equivalised household income is used to measure this risk. Our analysis covers 8 European countries and is based on 2007 data from the European Statistics on Income and Living Conditions.

Risk Profiling from the European Statistics on Accidents at Work (ESAW) Accidents′ Databases: A Case Study in Construction Sites

The number of accidents and victims in the construction sector has not decreased significantly despite the increasingly stricter laws and regulations. The analysis of accidents, as well as their root causes and determinants can certainly contribute to the development of more effective preventive interventions. The present study proposes a methodology for the analysis and synthesis of data provided by accidents statistics with the goal of defining specific risk profiles based on the accidents determinants, their variables, and how they interact with one another in influencing the occurrence of an accident. For this purpose, a procedure capable of extracting this type of information from the European Statistics on Accidents at Work (ESAW) database was developed. In particular, data processing and aggregation are performed by means of the synergic use of the Matrix of Descriptors (MoD) and cluster analysis. To validate such a procedure, the analysis of fatalities due to electrical shocks was carried out. The results achieved allowed us to elicit valuable information for both safety managers and decision makers. The proposed methodology can facilitate a systemic analysis of accidents databases reducing the difficulties in managing reports and accident statistics.