Supplementation of chicory root powder as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter on gut pH, gut microflora and gut histomorphometery of male broilers

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of chicory root powder on the gut performance of broilers. For this purpose, two hundred commercial male broiler chicks were randomly divided into 5 treatment groups with 8 replications of 5 birds each and reared in battery brooders up to 42 days of age. The experimental design consisted of; T1 basal diet (BD) without antibiotic, T2: BD + antibiotic (BMD at 500 gm/ton), T3: BD + chicory root powder (0.5%), T4: BD + chicory root powder (1.0%), T5: BD + chicory root powder (1.5%). The results revealed that supplementation of 1.0% chicory root powder recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher body weight gain, feed intake and better feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to antibiotic, control and 0.5 & 1.5% chicory powder at 42 days of age. Supplementation of various levels of chicory root powder significantly (P<0.05) lowered (P<0.05) the pH in duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caecum compared to control. Supplementation of chicory root powder (0.5, 1.0 & 1.5%) significantly (P<0.05) decreased the E. coli and Salmonella counts and (P<0.05) increased the Lactobacilli counts in ileum when compared to control and antibiotic groups. Supplementation of chicory (1.0% and 1.5%) groups significantly (P<0.05) increased the villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), VH:CD ratio and villus width (VW) in the duodenum, ileum and jejunum at 42 d of age. Supplementation of chicory 1.0% and 1.5% groups significantly (P<0.05) increased the goblet cell number in duodenum, jejunum and ileum of broilers. Therefore, chicory root powder (1.0 and 1.5%) can be used as an alternative to antibiotic for improving gut performance of broiler chicken.

Evaluation on The Use of Antibiotics for Pneumonia Patients

Pneumonia is an acute infectious disease that attacks lung tissue (alveoli) which can be caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infections. Pneumonia is one of the diseases that have the highest death risk in Indonesia. The first line of treatment for pneumonia is antibiotic therapy. Inappropriate use of antibiotics will increase the possibility of antibiotic resistance. Antimicrobial Control Program (PPRA) is a health surveillance to control the use of antibiotics where the indicator of success is seen from the improvement in the quantity and quality of antibiotic use. Antibiotic control that can be performed is evaluating the use of antibiotics quantitatively and evaluating the suitability of antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to determine the quantity of antibiotic use with the DDD/100 patient-days unit and the suitability of the use of antibiotics based on PPAB. This study was observational, the data were taken retrospectively and analyzed descriptively. The research material used medical record data for pneumonia patients from January to June 2020 at RSUD Bangil. There were 91 research samples obtained by purposive sampling that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data were analyzed quantitatively using the DDD/100 patient-days unit and 90% DU, and the suitability of antibiotics was analyzed using five indicators of the right indication, the right route, the right dose, the right interval, and the right time of administration. The results showed the use of antibiotics with a total value of DDD/100 patient-days of 78.13 DDD/100 patient-days with the highest value on moxifloxacin (39.28 DDD/100 patient-days). Antibiotics included in the 90% segment that need to be controlled are parenteral moxifloxacin (50.27%), ceftriaxone (23.34%), azithromycin (6.83%), oral moxifloxacin (4.62%), and levofloxacin (3.85%). The suitability of antibiotics based on PPAB RSUD Bangil 2019 showed the right indication (51.65%), right route (100%), right dose (87.23%), right interval (48.93%), and right time of administration (10.64). %).

CONTROL OF Vibrio alginolyticus INFECTION IN ASIAN SEA BASS Lates calcarifer USING AMBON BANANA PLANT POWDER Musa paradisiacal THROUGH THE FEED

Asian sea bass is one of economically important commodities in aquaculture. However, its culture often challenged by vibriosis infection which resulted in lower production. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the ambon banana plant powder application in feed as an effort to control the disease caused by Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Asian sea bass with total length of 7.48 ± 0.45 cm. Five different treatments were applied in this experiment, i.e. positive control, negative control, prevention, curative, and antibiotic application. The challenge test is carried out on the 15th day. Challenge test was performed with intramuscularly injection of V. alginolyticus at the cell density of 106 CFU/fish. The results showed the amount of feed consumption after the challenge test was highest in the curative and antibiotic control. However, these results were not significantly different (P>0.05) among preventive and curative treatments but were significantly different from controls (P<0.05). Fish treated with supplemented feed showed the highest total erythrocytes, total leukocytes, hemoglobin, respiratory burst, and lysozyme activity compared to controls. IL-1b gene expression increased after the challenge test with the highest level of expression in the curative treatment. It can be concluded that the administration of ambon banana plant powder (3 g/100 g diet) could control of V. alginolyticus infection in Asian sea bass and resulted 70.00% survival rate on prevention and 83.33% on curative treatments.

METHODS FOR REDUCING THE DETECTION LIMIT OF IMMUNOCHROMATOGRAPHIC TEST SYSTEMS FOR ANTIBIOTIC CONTROL IN HONEY

Methods for increasing the sensitivity of immunochromatographic test systems for the determination of low molecular weight analytes are proposed. The developed analysis schemes were tested in the determination of sulfonylamide and chloramphenicol in honey.

Extensive efficacy tests of non-antibiotic fire blight control agents

Application of control agents to prevent new infections is an integral part of disease management for fire blight on pome trees caused by Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al.. Due to resistance development and human health concerns when using antibiotics, non-antibiotic control agents with high efficacy are urgently needed. In this study extensive efficacy tests with some classical antibiotic and relatively new non-antibiotic control agents for the prevention of bloom and shoot blight as well as phytotoxicity tests based on fruit russeting were carried out using young apple trees. Furthermore an experimental design for testing control agents preventing fire blight following hail injury was developed. The high efficacy of streptomycin (> 90%) and streptomycin containing spray strategies (> 80%) was confirmed. Non-antibiotic agents with high efficacy are LMA (85%), a potassium aluminum sulfate, and Juglon (80%). LMA is already in use in practice in Austria and Germany with a temporal and restricted permission and the administrative process to gain the legal status of a pesticide is ongoing whilst already admitted in Switzerland. Juglon, an organic compound from walnut, did show a high efficacy, but no consistent results (80.0 and 69.5%). Myco-Sin showed good results to prevent infection after artificial hail simulation. Antinfek showed high efficacy (90%) in preventing bloom blight, but could be tested only once so further research is needed to confirm this result. The design of the presented study enabled an extensive evaluation of the potential control agents and the aggregation and comparison of results and can be advised for other evaluations.

45 Effect of Increasing Corn Silage Inclusion in Finishing Diets with or Without Tylosin on Performance and Liver Abscesses

Elevating corn silage inclusion in finishing diets has been investigated and suggests feeding more silage in farming and feeding operations improves profitability, despite decreased gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F). Feeding more silage may decrease liver abscesses and the need for antibiotic control of abscesses. A finishing study was conducted to assess the impact of silage inclusion in finishing diets to reduce the incidence of liver abscesses in beef cattle. A total of 640 (BW = 334 ± 25 kg) steers were utilized in a 2 × 2 factorial treatment design with two levels of corn silage (15 and 45%, diet DM), with or without tylosin for control of abscesses. This study utilized 32 pens of cattle with 20 steers per pen and 8 pens per treatment. There was an interaction for liver abscesses (P = 0.05) and a tendency for an interaction for performance (P = 0.10) between silage and tylosin inclusion but not for carcass traits (P ≥ 0.20). Cattle fed 15% corn silage had the greatest incidence of liver abscesses (34.5%) compared to other treatments (P = 0.05), and abscess rate was decreased to 19% if tylosin was fed. Feeding 45% silage was also effective at lowering liver abscess rates which were 12.4% regardless of whether an antibiotic was fed. Feeding corn silage at 45% of diet DM was as effective as feeding an antibiotic to cattle on 85% concentrate diets. Feeding corn silage at greater inclusions decreased ADG (P ≤ 0.01) but increased final body weight when fed to an equal fatness. However, feeding corn silage at 45% was more economical compared to feeding 15% corn silage, especially at higher corn prices, provided shrink is well managed. Feeding elevated concentrations of corn silage may be an economically viable method to control liver abscesses without antibiotic use.

Metaphylactic Antibiotic Treatment to Prevent the Transmission of Corynebacterium bovis to Immunocompromised Mouse Offspring

Current methods for eradicating Corynebacterium bovis, such as depopulation, embryo transfer, and cesarean rederivation followed by cross fostering, are expensive, complex, and time-consuming. We investigated a novel method to produce immunocompromised offspring free of C. bovis from infected NOD. Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wgl/SzJ (NSG) breeding pairs. Adult NSG mice were infected with C. bovis, paired, and randomly assigned to either a no-antibiotic control group (NAB, n = 8) or a group that received amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (0.375 mg/mL) in their drinking water for a mean duration of 7 wk (AB group, n = 7), spanning the time from pairing of breeders to weaning of litters. The AB group also underwent weekly cage changes for 3 wk after pairing to decrease intracage C. bovis contamination, whereas the NAB mice received bi-weekly cage changes. Antibiotics were withdrawn at the time of weaning. All litters (n = 7) in the AB group were culture- and qPCR-negative for C. bovis and remained negative for the duration of the study, whereas all litters in the NAB group (n = 6) remained C. bovis positive. A single adult from each breeding pair was sampled at weaning and at 5 and 10 wk after weaning to confirm the maintenance of (NAB) or to diagnose the reemergence (AB) of C. bovis infection. By the end of the study, C. bovis infection had returned in 3 of the 7 (43%) tested AB adults. Our data suggest that metaphylactic antibiotic use can decrease viable C. bovis organisms from adult breeder mice and protect offspring from infection. However, using antibiotics with frequent cage changing negatively affected breeding performance. Nevertheless, this technique can be used to produce C. bovis-free NSG offspring from infected adults and may be an option for salvaging infected immunocompromised strains of mice that are not easily replaced.

Anti-Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) of Ethanol Extract of God's Crown (Phaleria macrocarpa) Leaves, Peel, and Fruit Flesh

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a pathogen that becomes the main concern since it is a multidrug-resistant organism and causes high morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of Phaleria macrocarpa leaves, peel, and fruit flesh on MRSA. This study was an experimental laboratory study with a post-test only control group design to assess the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract from leaves, peel, and fruit flesh of Phaleria macrocarpa against MRSA ATCC 43300 and MRSA clinical isolates using a disk diffusion method. Extracts from the leaves, peel, and flesh of Phaleria macrocarpa had potential as an antibacterial agent against MRSA ATCC 43300 at a concentration of 40%, although not yet equivalent to antibiotic control. The ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa peel at a concentration of 30-40% had potential as an antibacterial agent against MRSA clinical isolates, although not yet equivalent to antibiotic control. Further research needs to be performed so that Phaleria macrocarpa extract can be a potential source of subsequent antibacterial development against MRSA.