Hydrodroma angelieri (Acari, Hydrachnidia: Hydrodromidae) a new water mite species from Corsica based on morphological and DNA barcode evidence

In the present study we used morphological data and DNA barcodes to describe a new species, Hydrodroma angelieri sp. nov. from Corsica, France. A high genetic distance of 17.3±0.017% K2P from its molecularly most closely related European congener, H. despiciens (Müller, 1776), supports H. angelieri sp. nov. as a distinct species. Morphologically the new species can be identified on the basis of relatively small leg claws, the presence of only one swimming seta on II-L-5 and 4-6 swimming setae on the anterior surface of IV-L-5. An updated key for the European species of Hydrodroma is provided.

Pseudoaliinostoc sejongens gen. & sp. nov. (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria) from floodplain soil of the Geum River in Korea based on polyphasic approach

Three strains of Nostoc-related morphotypes isolated from Geum River, Korea. They were studied based on a polyphasic approach using morphology, ecological and molecular data. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene revealed that the selected eight genera were clearly separated into each taxonomic group, and in them, Korean strains formed a clade with Aliinostoc spp. The Aliinostoc sensu lato were monophyletic but divided two distinct lineages with high genetic distance between them (4.2% p-distance between clades vs. 1.8% within clades). In accordance with the statistical analysis, the Korean strain-belonging clade was significantly divergent to segregate from other Aliinostoc clades compared to those of the relative genera (2.8% p-distance between sister-genera vs. 0.9% within the same genus). In addition, the ITS rDNA sequence of the Korean strains showed unique characteristics in terms of nucleotide compositions and length in comparison to that of the Aliinostoc, including their secondary structures of D1–D1ʹ and Box-B. These results supported the establishment of a new genus, proposing Pseudoaliinostoc gen. nov. with a description of P. sejongens sp. nov. for the Korean strains. Likewise, three previously described Aliinostoc species were proposed to be transferred to P. soli comb. nov., P. tiwarii comb. nov., and P. constrictum comb. nov.

The role of cytogenetic variation in Akodon cursor species complex speciation (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae)

Chromosome polymorphism in populations of Akodon cursor complex (124 specimens) and the karyotypes of other Akodon species (92 specimens) from Brazil were analyzed. Five species were analyzed: Akodon cursor with 2n = 14, and Akodon aff. cursor with 2n = 16, Akodon montensis with 2n = 24, Akodon paranaensis with 2n = 44 and Akodon serrensis with 2n = 46. Chromosome polymorphism was observed in A. cursor and A. aff. cursor showing pericentric inversions, and also in A. paranaensis and A. montensis presenting supernumerary chromosomes. Pericentric inversion polymorphism affecting two autosomes pairs in A. cursor karyotype was found in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Akodon with 2n = 16 occurred from Bahia to Rio Grande do Norte states and A. cursor with 2n = 14 from Bahia to Paraná states. Molecular analyses showed high genetic distance estimates between such set of samples, suggesting that karyomorphic type 2n = 16 is fixed in the northern part of the distribution of Akodon cursor complex. Captive hybrids males between Akodon [2n = 14] x [2n = 16] are apparently sterile, suggesting these populations may represent two full species.

Whole mitochondrial genome sequence and phylogenetic relationships of Williams’s jerboa (Scarturus williamsi) from Turkey

Williams’s jerboa (Scarturus williamsi), a medium-sized jerboa distributed in Anatolia and its adjacent regions, is a member of the four- and five-toed jerboas found mostly in Asia. Disagreements about the taxonomy of this taxon at the genus/species level continue to exist. Here, we report the first effort to sequence and assemble the mitochondrial genome of Williams’s jerboa from Turkey. The mitochondrial genome of S. williamsi was 16,653 bp in total length and contained 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and two non-coding regions (the D-loop and OL region) with intergenic spacer. All of the genes, except ND6 and eight tRNAs, were encoded on the heavy chain strand, similar to the features of mitogenomes of other rodents. When compared with all available rodent mitochondrial genomes, Williams’s jerboa showed (1) a serine deletion at the 3′-end of the ATP8 gene, (2) the ND5 gene terminated with a TAG codon and (3) a tandem repeat cluster (273 bp in length) in the control region. Williams’s jerboa and Siberian jerboa grouped as sister taxa despite the high genetic distance (17.6%) between them, belonging to Allactaginae. This result is consistent with the latest pre-revision, which suggests that Williams’s jerboa and the Siberian jerboa may belong to separate genera, as Scarturus and Orientallactaga, respectively. The present study provides a reference mitochondrial genome for Williams’s jerboa for further molecular studies of other species of Dipodoidea and Rodentia.

Effects of Heterosis for Yield and Yield Contributing Characters in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under Sodic Soil

Aim: The current experiment was conducted to know the genetic architecture of 12 physio-morphological traits under sodic soil through Line × Tester analysis. Study Design: The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications adopting a recommended spacing of 20 x 15 cm in the field. Recommended package of practices was followed to establish the crop. Place and Duration of Study: Present investigation was conducted at Farmer Field of village Amwa Bhaluhi of Bhathat Block District: Gorakhpur, India. Methodology: The hybrids along with parental lines and checks were evaluated through Line × Tester analysis. Lines were used as female while testers were used as male parents where the climate is semi-arid with hot summer and cold winter (sub-tropical) and the soil of experimental field was sodic [ECe = 2.21 (dSm-1 ); pH =9.2]. The water used for irrigating the experimental field was taken from the bore well with pH 9.00 and RSC is 10 meq/L. Results: An outset on perusal of data for hybrids based on the cross combinations Jhona x Pusa 169 resulted from crossing between parents having high genetic distance showed high positive significant standard heterosis for seed yield. However, the crosses viz., Shriram 434 x PB 1, Halchal x IR 24, Magic x Pusa 169 and Super Moti x Pusa 169, gives sparingly high significant negative standard heterosis for seed yield although their parents having high genetic distance. Conclusion: These cross combinations merit consideration for extensive testing across space and time in the target environment to verify their suitability for commercial exploitation. The reason for this could have been the linkage of alleles in repulsive phase for biomass and yield. As there was dominance gene action involved, inter se matings followed by recombination breeding might be advocated for the improvement of yield under sodicity. The cross combinations Jhona x Pusa 169 emerged as lines to be recommended for exploitation in hybridization programme to enhance the production and productivity of sodic soil.

Lack of intrinsic postzygotic isolation in haplodiploid male hybrids despite high genetic distance

Evolutionary biologists have long been interested in understanding the mechanisms underlying Haldane’s rule. The explanatory theories of dominance and faster-X, which are based on recessive alleles being expressed in the heterogametic sex, have been proposed as common mechanisms. These mechanisms predict that greater hemizygosity leads to both faster evolution and greater expression of intrinsic postzygotic isolation. Under these mechanisms, haplodiploids should evolve and express intrinsic postzygotic isolation faster than diploids because the entire genome is analogous to a sex chromosome. Here, we measure sterility and inviability in hybrids between Neodiprion pinetum and N. lecontei, a pair of haplodiplopids that differ morphologically, behaviorally, and genetically. We compare the observed isolation to that expected from published estimates of isolation in diploids at comparable levels of genetic divergence. We find that both male and female hybrids are viable and fertile, which is less isolation than expected. We then discuss several potential explanations for this surprising lack of isolation, including alternative mechanisms for Haldane’s rule and a frequently overlooked quirk of haplodiploid genetics that may slow the emergence of complete intrinsic postzygotic isolation in hybrid males. Finally, we describe how haplodiploids, an underutilized resource, can be used to differentiate between mechanisms of Haldane’s rule.

Relatedness Among Three Native Geese in Erbil Governorate Using Hematological and Molecular Methods

The objective of the present study was to determine genetic diversity among three geese color types using RAPD markers and hematological parameters. The overall mean, of the live weights, Hemoglobin, Hetrophil %, Lymphocyte %, Monocyte %, and H/L ratio were 3.006 (kg), 14.64, 36.896, 49.896, 2.233 and 0.736 respectively. The breed, sex and interaction between them have a significant effect on live body weight, Hemoglobin, and Monocyte %. Ten primers were used and six out of them were selected based on their number of bands (NB) and polymorphic characteristics. A total of 309 bands observed, ranged from 30 in primer OPB-07 to 54 bands in OPA-20. Five unique bands were found only in white goose, whereas the highest unique band was obtained in primer OPB-01 locus. Overall genetic distance among native geese arrived 64.122 and phylogenetic dendrograms showed that 3 clusters, the first cluster content only white geese (Male and Female) breed, the second one cluster is included piebald geese breed (Male and female) and the third one was including gray geese (Male and female) breed. It was concluded that the white geese was closer to piebald geese than to the gray geese breed. The high genetic distance (64.122%) and variation in phenotypic value such as live weight (2.375 to 3.600 kg/bird) for three native geese indicate that these native geese have a good amount of genetic resources to made genetically improvement in further and it means the three goose samples are independent breeds.

KARAKTER GENOTIPE TIGA POPULASI IKAN RAINBOW AJAMARU (Melanotaenia ajamaruensis) DARI ALAM DAN BUDIDAYA MENGGUNAKAN RAPD

Ikan rainbow Ajamaru (Melanotaenia ajamarunensis) yang dinyatakan punah pada tahun 1996 merupakan ikan endemik dari Danau Ajamaru, Papua. Namun ikan ini berhasil ditemukan kembali pada tahun 2007 di Sungai Kaliwensi, Sorong, Papua. Domestikasi ex-situ ikan rainbow Ajamaru sedang dilakukan di Balai Riset Budidaya ikan Hias, Depok-Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi perbedaan genotipe ikan rainbow Ajamaru di alam dan budidaya melalui analisis keragaman genetik untuk melihat adanya perubahan genetik, migrasi maupun mutasi gen. Metode yang digunakan adalah Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) dengan 3 jenis primer (OPA 03, OPB 6, dan OPZ 5). Setiap populasi baik, dari alam (Papua) maupun budidaya (Depok dan Papua) masing-masing diambil secara acak sebanyak 10 sampel ikan uji. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai keragaman genetik pada ikan di alam lebih rendah (62,5%) dibanding ikan budidaya di Papua (70,31%) dan tertinggi pada ikan budidaya di Depok (73,43%). Heterozigositas pada ikan di alam lebih rendah (0,172) dibanding ikan budidaya di Papua (0,241) dan di Depok (0,270). Jarak genetik terjauh ditunjukkan antara populasi ikan alam dan populasi ikan budidaya Papua, sedangkan jarak genetik terdekat antara populasi ikan budidaya di Papua dengan di Depok. Karakter genotipe yang dihasilkan pada tiga populasi ikan rainbow Ajamaru adalah memiliki corak DNA yang berbeda nyata (P<0,05). Perbedaan yang dihasilkan dari karakter genotipe karena respon genotip dari tiap individu dan daya adaptasi ikan berbeda-beda pada habitat yang berbeda.Ajamaru rainbow, an endemic fish from Lake Ajamaru, Papua, once declared extinct in 1996. However, it was rediscovered in 2007, in Kaliwensi River, Sorong, Papua. Currently, the Ajamaru rainbow fish is being domesticated ex-situ at the Research Center for Ornamental Fish Culture, Depok, West Java. The aim of the research was to determine the genotype characteristics of wild and cultured Ajamaru rainbow including genetic change, drift, migration, and mutation using genetic variance analysis. The genetic analysis applied was Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) using OPA-03, OPB-6, and OPZ-5 primers. Ten samples were used for each population. The results showed that the three populations of Ajamaru rainbow fish have significantly different (P<0.05) of DNA polymorphism. The lowest value of genetic variance was found in the wild fish (62.5%) followed by the cultured fish located in Papua (70.31%), and the highest was observed in the cultured fish located in Depok (73.43%). Heterozygosity of the wild fish was lower (0.172) than that of the cultured fish in Papua (0.241) and in Depok (0.270). The high genetic distance was found between the wild and cultured fish from Papua. The closest relationship was between the fish culture in Papua and Depok. The genotype character produced in the three Ajamaru rainbow fish populations was have significantly different (P<0.05) of DNA polymorphism. The differences that result form genotype characters because of the genotypic response of each individual and the adaptability of fish vary in different habitats.

Genetic Diversity in Aus rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes of Bangladesh

Genetic diversity in 31 traditional Bangladeshi Aus rice genotypes were studied under transplanted condition through Mahalanobis D2 statistic for grain yield and yield contributing characters. The genotypes were grouped into five clusters. The inter-cluster distances were higher than intra-cluster distances indicating wider genetic diversity among the genotypes of different clusters. The intra-cluster distances were lower in all the cases reflecting homogeneity of the genotypes within the clusters. The cluster II contained the highest number of genotypes (08) and the cluster I and III contained the lowest (05). The highest intra-cluster distance was noticed for the cluster II and the lowest for cluster IV. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster II and V followed by cluster III and V, cluster I and V and the lowest between cluster I and III. Regarding inter-cluster distance, the genotypes of cluster V showed high genetic distance from all other clusters. The genotypes from cluster V could be hybridized with the genotypes of other characters of other clusters for producing transgressive segregants. The highest cluster means for yield, effective tiller number and grain length, were obtained from cluster I; whereas the lowest mean value for yield, culm length, plant height and grain breadth were found in cluster II. Therefore, genotypes under cluster I, cluster II and cluster V might be selected for future breeding program as parents for crossing to produce new recombinants with desired traits.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 43(2): 253-266, June 2018

DISTINGUISH AMONG SOME SELECTIVE WATERMELONS BY USING ISSR TECHNOLOGY

This experiment conducted Using 12 primers related to ISSR technology in distinguishing among the 21 selective back to the three variety of watermelon they are each of the selective Crimson Sweet which code to W1, W2, W3 and W4 and the variety Sugar Baby which coded to SH1 ,SH2 ,SH3 ,SH4 ,SH5,SH6 and SH7 and the variety Charleston Gray which is coded to G1 ,G2,G3 ,G4 ,G5 ,G6 ,G7 ,G8, G9 and G10 . The results showed that the primers used gave 89 total bands were all of the polymorphism was 100%. Found that the primers 810, 840 and 864 were high ability of the way to give it the highest numbers of bands while the primers 808 and 834 of the ability of the few by giving them fewer bands. 9 primers able to give distinct bands for some selective, which distinguishes them from the rest of the other primers. The results showed that the principles component analysis ( PCA) for the variety Crimson Sweet correlation the selective W1 and W2 while W3 not correlation with W4 or with each other, and correlation SH1 , SH3 and SH6 with each other apart from the SH4 , SH7 , SH2 and SH5 in the variety Sugar Baby as to the selective of Charleston Gray has divided into two groups, the first group included five selective G7 , G5 ,G6, G4 and G8 apart from the second group, which included five selective G1 , G2 , G3 , G9 and G10. . And it found that the high genetic distance between the two varieties Charleston Gray and Sugar Baby. Therefore the primers ISSR showed that the variance between the communities by variance of arrangement of nucleotide. It can be concluded the possibility of the use of biotechnology in breeding programs.