Lydia’s silence: Representation of trauma from an ex-centric position in Achmat Dangor’s Bitter Fruit

South Africa, a place long caught in the crosshairs of hegemonic violence and racism, provides a fitting case study for the imbalance and marginalization of the traumatized individuals who lived through the fascist apartheid regime. Achmat Dangor’s celebrated novel Bitter Fruit (2001) is a tragic story of the coloured family of Silas Ali set during 1998; when Nelson Mandela’s presidency was gaining momentum in South Africa. It was a period when the violent and discriminatory apartheid regime was coming to an end and a fledgling democracy was still testing its wings in South Africa. The narrative of Bitter Fruit is centred around the silenced memory of Lydia’s rape, Silas’s wife, by a white security policeman called Francois du Boise. The novel begins with Lydia’s suppressed traumatic past erupting into the post-apartheid present when Silas accidentally encounters his wife’s rapist at a mall in Johannesburg thereby bringing back the traumatic memories of the past. Nineteen-year-old Mikey Ali, who is a child conceived in shame and terror, is the figurative ‘bitter fruit’ in the novel born of miscegenation and apartheid abuse. Lydia’s trauma haunts the family in complex ways ultimately leading to the disintegration of familial bonds. These personal experiences of trauma take place against the backdrop of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), a famous but controversial reparative model of justice. The proposed research article aims to understand trauma from the ex-centric position of a coloured woman who refuses to allow her personal experiences of trauma to be undermined and defined as merely wartime ‘collateral damage’. Lydia resists the reductionist approach that the members of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) had adopted while dealing with cases related to violence and human rights abuses. In the beginning, dialogue and discourses on trauma centred mainly around extremely unusual events but now trauma theories have infiltrated co

Investigating the story of the appearance of Fazl Loghman in Masnavi and the kingdom that gave bitter fruit to Chakri in Mantiq al-Tair and Rumi's superiority in the artistic development of the story over Attar

In order to critique literary works (comparative literature), the works in question are usually criticized from two different cultures, so according to this type of method, the works created in the same culture can be examined together. He found their commonalities and differences and achieved good results. Although Attar and Sanai have played an important role in determining the intellectual policy and drawing of Rumi's mystical model, Rumi's ability in the art of storytelling and his mystical goals from the results of stories have a high place in literature and educational works, although many stories The works he uses are not in his mind and he has a history in his previous works. (Sanai and Attar) But their goals and final results are different. In this article, an attempt has been made to examine the commonalities and differences of the above story from the perspective of storytelling in order to reveal that Rumi has a higher artistic position than Attar in the art of storytelling.

New Traps Cut Off Citrus Greening Pests from Hiding Places

Adult Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, carries the bacterium thought to be the causal agent of Huanglongbing in its salivary glands. As it feeds on citrus leaves, the psyllid transmits the bacterium to the tree. The result is yellowed leaves, bitter fruit, and eventual tree death. Researchers across the nation are struggling to end the scourge of citrus greening disease, also known as huanglongbing. The disease renders citrus fruit inedible and eventually kills entire orchards. In Florida alone, from 2012?2016 the disease caused production losses of $4.4 billion and eliminated about 7,900 jobs.

Pharmacological Activities Of Phala-Varga (Medicinal Fruits) – An Ayurvedic Review

Ayurveda is not only a science of life but also a spiritual science. This branch of science deals with the proper life style and dietary advice by Ayurveda scholars. Among them vegetables and fruits are used to eradicate the diseases and helps to maintain the health of the person. Since Vedic period the fruits are used as Prasadam as well as in the form of Bhoga (Offering food), Upavasa (Fasting) purposes. The fruits are not only cure the diseases but also helps the mind in relaxed state. As per Ayurveda the fruits are classified on the basis of Rasa (Taste). For example sour fruit, sweet fruit, bitter fruit etc. The fruits are man source for fibers, multivitamins and minerals, which helps to repair the damaged cells. Here an attempt is made to bring the scattered information of various types of fruits from the classical sources and their pharmacological action on the body, are dealt elaborately. Further scope of the study is to cultivate such fruits in the classical manner and make available seasonally to the market in an affordable price.

FORMULASI DAN UJI STABILITAS FISIK SEDIAAN TABLET EKSTRAK BUAH PARE (Momordica charantia L.) SECARA GRANULASI BASAH

<p>Bitter melon fruit is one type of medicinal plant used by the community. Charantin is one of the efficacious compounds contained in bitter melon fruit and can be used to reduce glucose levels in the blood. Tablets have advantage that are easy to consume and exactly the size, so in this study bitter melon is made from tablet preparations. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of gelatin binder which can produce tablets of bitter fruit extract (<em>Momordica charantia</em> L.) with good physical quality, and to determine the effect of gelatin as a binder on the physical stability test of bitter melon extract tablets (<em>Momordica charantia</em> L.) making bitter melon extract tablets is by wet granulation method, because the active ingredient of bitter melon fruit is not resistant to warming above 600C. Formulation tablets of bitter melon extract (<em>Momordica charantia</em> L.) with gelatin binder at a concentration of 5%, 7.5%, 10% able to produce tablets that meet the requirements of tablet physical examination for 28 days. Gelatin binding concentration has an effect on the physical properties of tablets, the best concentration of gelatin binder is formula III with 10% gelatin concentration. The higher the concentration of the binding material, the higher the hardness, and fragility decreases.<br />Keywords: Bitter Melon Extract (<em>Momordica charantia</em> L.), Gelatin binder, Wet Granulation.</p>

FORMULASI DAN UJI EFEKTIVITAS GEL EKSTRAK BUAH PARE (Momordica charantia L) Terhadap BAKTERI Staphylococcusepidermidis dan Propionibacterium acnes PENYEBAB JERAWAT

FORMULASI DAN UJI EFEKTIVITAS GEL EKSTRAK BUAH PARE (Momordica charantia L) Terhadap BAKTERI Staphylococcusepidermidis dan Propionibacterium acnes PENYEBAB JERAWAT Nur Ain Thomas1), Widysusanti Abdulkadir1), Mega Agustiwi Mohi1) 1)Jurusan Farmasi, Fakultas Olahraga dan KesehatanUniversitas Negeri Gorontalo ABSTRACT Acne is a skin disease in the form of inflammation in the layer of polysebaseus triggered by the bacteria Staphyloccoccus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes. One plant that is empirically and based on scientific data has anti-acne properties is bitter melon (Momordica charantia L). In pare fruit extract contains flavonoids which are thought to be able to act as active compounds in the form of anti-acne. This study aims to formulate bitter melon extract as an anti-acne gel and determine the inhibition of bitter melon extract gel against acne-causing bacteria, namely Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acne. Pare fruit extract gel with 3 variations of extract concentration, namely 5%, 7.5% and 10%. Evaluation of gel preparations included organoleptic test, homogeneity, spreadability, pH, viscosity, and irritation test. Data analysis using Oneway ANOVA. Based on the results of the research conducted, it can be concluded that bitter fruit extract (Momordica charantia L) can be formulated as an anti-acne gel, and the preparation of bitter fruit extract gel (Momordica charantia L) at a concentration of 10% has a inhibition of 10 mm against Staphylococcus epidermidis and 7, 1 mm against the bacterium Propionibacterium acne which is included in the medium category. Keywords: Acne, Extract, Gel , Stahpylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes ABSTRAK Jerawat merupakan penyakit kulit berupa peradangan pada lapisan polisebaseus yang dipicu oleh bakteri Staphyloccoccus epidermidis dan Propionibacterium acnes. Salah satu tanaman yang secara empiris dan berdasarkan data ilmiah memiliki khasiat antijerawat adalah buah pare (Momordica charantia L). Dalam ekstrak buah pare terkandung flavonoid yang diduga dapat berperan sebagai senyawa aktif sedian antijerawat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasikan ekstrak buah pare sebagai gel antijerawat dan menentukan daya hambat gel ekstrak buah pare terhadap bakteri penyebab jerawat yaitu Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Propionibacterium acne. Gel ekstrak buah pare dengan 3 variasi konsentrasi ekstrak yaitu 5%, 7,5% dan 10%. Evaluasi sediaan gel meliputi uji organoleptik, homogenitas, daya sebar, pH, viskositas, dan uji iritasi.Analisis data menggunakan ANOVA Oneway. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak buah pare (Momordica charantia L) dapat diformulasikan sebagai gel antijerawat, dan sediaan gel ekstrak buah pare (Momordica charantia L) pada konsentrasi 10% mempunyai daya hambat 10 mm terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis dan 7,1 mm terhadap bakteri Propionibacterium acne yang termasuk dalam kategori sedang.Kata Kunci :Jerawat, Ekstrak Buah Pare, Gel, Stahpylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes