Modern pancreatic islet encapsulation technologies for the treatment of type 1 diabetes

The review includes the results of analytical research on the problem of application of pancreatic islet encapsulation technologies for compensation of type 1 diabetes. We present a review of modern encapsulation technologies, approaches to encapsulation strategies, insulin replacement technologies: auto-, allo- and xenotransplantation; prospects for cell therapy for insulin-dependent conditions; modern approaches to β-cell encapsulation, possibilities of optimization of encapsulation biomaterials to increase survival of transplanted cells and reduce adverse consequences for the recipient. The main problems that need to be solved for effective transplantation of encapsulated islets of Langerhans are identified and the main strategies for translating the islet encapsulation technology into medical reality are outlined.

Paradoxical Diabetic Ketoacidosis in a Type 2 Diabetes patient on Dapagliflozin: A Brief Case Report

A 48-year -old male patient with Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2D) on insulin replacement therapy, glipizide and Dapagliflozin admitted for generalized weakness found him in euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis which means normal or near normal glucose levels with high anion gap metabolic acidosis recovered on insulin drip per DKA protocol.

Maternal High-Fat Diet Multigenerationally Impairs Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity and Memory in Male Rat Offspring

As advances are made in the field of developmental origins of health and disease, there is an emphasis on long-term influence of maternal environmental factors on offspring health. Maternal high-fat diet (HFD) consumption has been suggested to exert detrimental effects on cognitive function in offspring, but whether HFD-dependent brain remodeling can be transmitted to the next generations is still unclear. This study tested the hypothesis that HFD consumption during rat pregnancy and lactation multigenerationally influences male offspring hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive function. We observed that hippocampus-dependent learning and memory was impaired in 3 generations from HFD-fed maternal ancestors (referred as F1-F3), as assessed by novel object recognition and Morris water maze tests. Moreover, maternal HFD exposure also affected electrophysiological and ultrastructure measures of hippocampal synaptic plasticity across generations. We observed that intranasal insulin replacement partially rescued hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive deficits in F3 rats, suggesting central insulin resistance may play an important role in maternal diet-induced neuroplasticity impairment. Furthermore, maternal HFD exposure enhanced the palmitoylation of GluA1 critically involved in long-term potentiation induction, while palmitoylation inhibitor 2-bromopalmitate counteracts GluA1 hyperpalmitoylation and partially abolishes the detrimental effects of maternal diet on learning and memory in F3 offspring. Importantly, maternal HFD-dependent GluA1 hyperpalmitoylation was reversed by insulin replacement. Taken together, our data suggest that maternal HFD exposure multigenerationally influences adult male offspring hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive performance, and central insulin resistance may serve as the cross-talk between maternal diet and cognitive impairment across generations.

Reading between the (Genetic) Lines: How Epigenetics is Unlocking Novel Therapies for Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune condition where the body’s immune cells destroy their insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells leading to dysregulated glycaemia. Individuals with T1D control their blood glucose through exogenous insulin replacement therapy, often using multiple daily injections or pumps. However, failure to accurately mimic intrinsic glucose regulation results in glucose fluctuations and long-term complications impacting key organs such as the heart, kidneys, and/or the eyes. It is well established that genetic and environmental factors contribute to the initiation and progression of T1D, but recent studies show that epigenetic modifications are also important. Here, we discuss key epigenetic modifications associated with T1D pathogenesis and discuss how recent research is finding ways to harness epigenetic mechanisms to prevent, reverse, or manage T1D.

Overview of novel routes of insulin: current status

Diabetes mellitus is the chronic pathogenic condition which is primarily due to inadequate insulin secretion and is responsible for major healthcare problems worldwide cost billions of dollars annually. For more than 84 years of time, Insulin replacement therapy had been used to manage to overcome the complications and this present review is based on the various routes of insulin delivery based on its safety and efficacy. Depending upon the effective duration of action, insulin activity varies from 1.5 to 27 hours and to reduce insulin burden, now a days it can be delivered in sensor-augmented pump therapy, various types of insulin Pen as well as routes like inhalation, colonic insulin, buccal, intra- peritonea and ocular, rectal, vaginal delivery of insulin etc. had been added to it. This review examines some of the recent proposals for various routes of application of Insulin delivery system along with the particular attention to its latest intervention of novel drug delivery system.