Genetic analyses reveal demographic decline and population differentiation in an endangered social carnivore, Asiatic wild dog

Deforestation and agricultural intensification have resulted in an alarming change in the global land cover over the past 300 years, posing a threat to species conservation. Dhole is a monophyletic, social canid and, being an endangered and highly forest-dependent species, is more prone to the loss of favorable habitat in the Anthropocene. We determined the genetic differentiation and demographic history of dhole across the tiger reserves of Maharashtra using the microsatellite data of 305 individuals. Simulation-based analyses revealed a 77–85% decline in the major dhole sub-populations. Protected areas have provided refuge to the historically declining dhole population resulting in clustering with strong genetic structure in the remnant dhole population. The historical population decline coincides with the extreme events in the landscape over the past 300 years. The study highlights the pattern of genetic differentiation and diversity of a highly forest-dependent species which can be associated with the loss of forest cover outside tiger reserves. It also warrants attention to develop conservation plans for the remnant surviving population of dholes in India.

Dissemination Dynamics of Receding Words: A Diachronic Case Study of Whom

We explore the relationship between word dissemination and frequency change for a rapidly receding feature, the relativizer whom. The success of newly emerging words has been shown to correlate with high dissemination scores. However, the reverse—a correlation of lower dissemination scores with receding features—has not been investigated. Based on two established and two newly developed measures of word dissemination—across texts, linguistic environments, registers, and topics—we show that a general correlation between dissemination and frequency does not obtain in the case of whom. Different dissemination measures diverge from each other and show internally variable developments. These can, however, be explained with reference to the specific sociolinguistic history of whom over the past 300 years. Our findings suggest that the relationship between dissemination and word success is not static, but needs to be contextualized against different stages in individual words’ life-cycles. Our study demonstrates the applicability of large-scale, quantitative measures to qualitatively informed sociolinguistic research.

COVID-19 AND THE ENVIRONMENT: THE ISSUES AND ADVERSE EFFECTS TO WETLANDS GLOBALLY

The Covid-19 pandemic causes chaotic situations globally. Many cities around the world are facing improved better fresh air and experiencing cooler weather due to reduced carbon emission which normally raises temperatures. The environment, as a whole, experience the same. In this paper, the author's emphasis on the visibility, the effects of the pandemic on wetlands globally. There are a few aspects that will be looked at, for example to wetlands effect specifically, to the wildlife, to humans or wetlands, and the effect on the environment generally. This is a conceptual paper. The data collected are from the internet and books and also from some observations. This study adopted a doctrinal analysis, where legal research forms as part of analytical study of existing laws, related cases, and authoritative materials as a whole, on some specific matter. It works as knowledge-building research in the legal field. For example, the Ganga River in India is so clean that reports suggest that it is fit for drinking. The Yamuna River is showing improved water quality and quantity. This is the first time in years that its surface is not covered in plastic and froth, but reflects the sky and scenic beauty around. Wetlands are the most vulnerable ecosystems, including freshwater rivers, lakes, paddies, marshes and peatlands, and saltwater estuaries, mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass beds, and lagoons. 87% of the wetlands globally were lost over the past 300 years. They provide an estimated $47 trillion worth of services annually and a livelihood for one billion people. The issue is on the Covid-19 pandemic and how seriously it effects the livelihood of all species including humans in wetlands areas.

Introduction

Lawyers make politics, and international lawyers make international politics. Yet despite a few prominent judges or academic stars, the roles which jurists play as practitioners of international politics are often underappreciated or their juristic personas take a backseat behind those of the politician and the diplomat. In contrast, this volume sheds light on how lawyers in the past 300 years have made sense of, engaged in, and shaped international politics. The introduction sets out the main themes and aims of this endeavour, exploring how historiography, international law, and legal studies have dealt with jurists and lawyers so far; conceptualizing the practices and practitioners of international politics; and presenting an overview of the case studies assembled in the volume.

Crafting the International Order

Lawyers make politics, and international lawyers make international politics. Yet despite there being a few prominent judges and academic stars, the roles which jurists play as practitioners of international politics is often underappreciated or their juristic personas take a backseat to those of the politician and the diplomat. This volume sheds light on how lawyers over the past 300 years have made sense of, engaged in, and shaped international politics. Individual chapters show how politicians and administrators, diplomats and military men conceived of and considered their tasks in legal terms and how the large, amorphous field often described as ‘international relations’ was filled with life in the distinctly legal vernacular of laws and regulations, treaties and agreements, resolutions and conventions. The volume provides insights into what it means when concrete decisions are taken, negotiations led, or controversies articulated and resolved by legal professionals. It also enquires into how the often criticized gaps between juristic standards and everyday realities can be explained by looking at the very medium of law. Rather than sorting people and problems into binary categories such as ‘law’ and ‘politics’ or ‘theory’ and ‘practice’, the case studies in this volume reflect on these dichotomies and dissolve them into the messy realities of conflicts and interactions which take place in historically contingent situations and in which international lawyers assume varying personas.

Los vaivenes del canon Traducción y puesta en escena de la comedia áurea en Rusia

This chapter surveys the history of Russian translations of Golden Age Spanish theatre from the early 18th century until now, with a special focus on the relationship between translation trends and performance history. Our main goal is not only to document all known Russian translations of Spanish classical plays completed in the past 300 years, but also to elucidate the processes by which translation took part in the development and transformation of a specifically Russian comedia canon.

Historical Zigzags of the Physician’s Legal Liability

The article is devoted to studying the history of the issue of legal liability of doctors. It is noted that in Russia over the past 300 years, the legal regulation of doctors’ liability for negligent harm has undergone a number of multidirectional changes: first, the legalization of sanctions on the talion principle (XVII– XVIII centuries), then actual decriminalization (mid-XIX century), and then the transition to the practice of criminal prosecution on a general grounds (beginning of XX century).

Spatially Explicit Reconstruction of Anthropogenic Grassland Cover Change in China from 1700 to 2000

Long-term anthropogenic land use and land cover changes (LULCCs) are regarded as an important component of past global change. The past 300 years have witnessed dramatic changes in LULCC in China, and this has resulted in the large-scale conversion of natural vegetation to agricultural landscapes. Studies of past LULCC in China have mainly focused on cropland and forest; however, estimates of grassland cover remain rare due to the scarcity of grassland-related historical documents. Based on a qualitative analysis of trends in grassland cover in China and their driving forces, we devised different reconstruction methods for grassland cover in eastern and western China and then developed a 10 km database of grassland cover in China for the past 300 years. The grassland area in western China decreased from 295.54 × 106 ha in 1700 to 269.78 × 106 ha in 2000 due to the increase in population and cropland, especially in northeastern China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning), Gan-Ning, and Xinjiang. In eastern China, grassland is degraded secondary vegetation characterized by shrub grassland and meadow grassland, which is scattered in the hills and mountains; its area increased from 7.30 × 106 ha in 1700 to 16.43 × 106 ha in 1950 due to the increase in the degraded land caused by deforestation.