EVALUATION OF NEPHROPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF KATAKABEEJA YOGA AGAINST ASPIRIN-INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY IN WISTAR RATS

Drug-induced toxicity is the major concern in the present Era, particularly with Hepato and Nephrotoxicity. Drug- induced renal failure (RF) accounted for 20% in India. As there is an increasing number of potent therapeutics drugs like – NSAID's (Aspirin), Antibiotics, chemotherapy agents etc. Katakabeeja Yoga is mainly indicated in Prameha Chikitsa according to Yogaratnakar. Kataka (Strychnos potatorum. Linn) is Vishaghna, Ashmari, Prameha, Visha etc. Kataka - Independently have potent Antioxidant, Osmotic diuretic activity. Hence the pre- sent study was aimed to evaluate the Nephroprotective activity of Katakabeeja Yoga against Aspirin-induced Ne- phrotoxicity in Wistar rats. Katakabeeja Yoga was prepared after authenticating procured raw drugs and analyzed for preliminary physicochemical, organic and inorganic tests. Either sex Wistar rats weighing 150 – 200 g were selected and randomized into three groups (each group 6 no.) like Normal, Aspirin-induced, or Katakabeeja Yoga treated. Toxicity with Aspirin 100mg/kg orally for 15 days. In the treated group Katakabeeja yoga 0.216g (216mg) was received after administration of Aspirin for 15 days and sacrificed on the 16th day. Before and end of the study, the blood sample was collected for estimation of biomarkers like Serum Creatinine, urea and electro- lytes. The kidney was kept in a 10% formalin solution and sent for histopathology studies. Data were analyzed by one way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple post hoc procedures. The Aspirin group showed a significant rise in se- rum Creatinine, and urea followed by a decrease the urine output. Katakabeeja Yoga significantly reduced the serum Creatinine and urea followed by an increase in the urine output may have Katakabeeja potent antioxidant, osmotic diuretic activity. The study established that Katakabeeja Yoga possesses a durable Nephroprotective ef- fect against Aspirin-induced Nephrotoxicity. Keywords: Nephroprotective, Kataka, Nephrotoxicity

MEDICINAL PLANTS USED IN NEERILIVU (DIABETES MELLITUS) IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE - REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT OF SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCES

Introduction: Sarapenthira vaithiya murailkal (Neerilivu chikitchai) (SVM-NC) is a classic book written in a poetic form. It mentioned the treatment of Neerilivu (Diabetic Mellitus (DM)). According to the mode of administration, Siddha medicines are categorized into two classes; Internal medicine & external medicine. Medicinal plants, Metals and Minerals are used to prepare medicines from ancient times for the treatment of Neerilivu (DM). According to the Siddha literatures signs & symptoms of Neerilivu can be compared with Diabetic Mellitus in modern aspect. Diabetic Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder. Many drugs are mentioned for the treatment of Neerilivu (DM) in SVM-NC. Aim: The aim of the study is to identify the types of Siddha drugs and its ingredients from SVM-NC and research article. Data were collected, tabulated and analysed. This information was used to identify the medicinal plants that are being used in the management of Neerilivu (DM) in the traditional medicine. Results and Discussion: Eighty-five drugs were identified from the analysis. Out of 85 drugs, 83 drugs (98%) are used as internally and 2 drugs (2%) are externally. Among the 85 Internal medicine, 28 (33%) are chooranum, 20 (24%) are home remedy, 12 (14%) are kudineer and 8 (9%) are vizhuthu. Two external medicines are oil. 124 medicinal plants were identified from 83 internal medicines. 63 Families were identified in 124 medicinal plants. 10% (26) Medicinal plants are belonging to Fabaceae family. From these plants, 34 (27%) plants are used as root, 19 (15%) plants are used as leaves and seeds and 17 (14%) plants are used as bark. These plants have siddha properties; taste (Astringent: 41 (33%), Bitter: 32 (26%), Sweet: 28 (23%)), Potency (Hot: 81 (61%), Cool: 37 (30%)) and Efficacy (Pungent: 68 (55%), Sweet: 50(40%)). Among the 85 drugs, Cassia auriculata, Phyllanthus emblica, Strychnos potatorum, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica, Sysygium aromaticum and Salacia reticulata are used many times in medicine preparation. Previous researches showed that these ingredients have antidiabetic activity, hepatoprotectives and anti-oxidant. Conclusion: This review provides useful documented evidence and scientific evidence on the treatment of Neerilivu (DM) in traditional medicine.

Pharmaceutical Analysis of An Anti-Diabetic Formulation: Kimshukatvagadi Ghana Capsule

Ayurveda is one of the oldest and holistic science. Herbal medicines have a long therapeutic history; serving many of the health needs of large population of the world. However, the quality control and assurance remains as a challenge due to the high discrepancy of chemical components involved. In Ayurvedic texts, several formulations have been mentioned in Prameha (Diabetes Mellitus). Kimshukatvagadi is one such formulation mentioned in Sahasrayoga Vati Prakarana adhyaya. It contains Palash (Butea monosperma Lam.), Haridra (Curcuma longa L.), Amalaki (Emblica officinalis L.), Kataka (Strychnos potatorum L.f.), Vairi (Salacia reticulata Wight). Kimshukatvagadi Vati was converted into Ghana to increase its potency and then it was sealed into Capsule for increasing the shelf life, making it easy to dispense, dose fixation etc. Kimshukatvagadi Ghana Capsule was subjected to organoleptic analysis, phytochemical and qualitative analysis to detect the presence of various functional groups, and to high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) examination by optimizing the solvent systems.

Potential of Strychnos Potatorum and Eirchorrnia Crassipes in Treating Dyeing Industry Waste

The research aim is to the treatment of industrial dyeing waste water for the analysis of improved water treatment using natural coagulants. For waste water treatment, natural coagulants such as Strychnos potatorum (nirmali seeds) and Eirchorrnia crassipes (water hyacinth) are used. We have test the various properties of dyeing waste water before and after treatment like pH, sulphates, chlorides, total solids, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), acidity, alkalinity, optimum coagulant dosage (jar apparatus), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) .The test results showed that natural coagulants produce better results when used alone or in conjunction with the chemical coagulant alum. Since the natural coagulant generates less floc, the cost of sludge treatment is reduced. Water hyacinth outperforms nirmali seed in terms of natural coagulants. Natural coagulants may be used to manage and treat the dyeing waste water, anywhere there is an abundance of it.

Critical study on selection criteria of Vishaghna Mahakashaya drugs

Ayurveda is an eternal science. Its eternality is related to its preventive aspect and treatment principles described to treat illnesses. Numerous new diseases are emerging with new titles. Diseases are unlimited, so the physician should not bother to name the disease. Likewise the drugs are also unlimited. Every substance is a medicine if used rationally. So the drugs and various formulations given in ayurveda are for the practice of the medical person having poor intelligence. The field is open for the intelligent one to add and formulate new combinations. For this one should understand the basic drug selection criteria for the particular yoga or combination of drugs described. In Charaksamhita Sutrasthan fourth chapter, fifty combinations of various drugs for various are described. Each combination is named as Mahakashay and contains ten drugs. There must be drug selection criteria for each kashaya. If are able to under that principle we can formulate number of combination for the same condition. Vishaghna Mahakashya is one of them which detoxify the body and helps to get rid of toxins. It includes Haridra (Curcuma longa), Manjishtha (Rubia cordifolia), Suvahaa (Operculina turpethum), Sukshama ela (Elettaria cardamomum), Paalindee (Hemidesmus indicus)), Chandan (Santalum album), Kataka (Strychnos potatorum), Shirish (Albizzia lebbeck), Sinduvaara (Vitex negundo) and Shleshmaataka (Cordia dichotoma). An attempt is made in this article to review Vishaghna Mahakashya and find out the drug selection criteria for the same.

Evaluation of Bactericidal and Fungicidal Efficacy of Strychno spotatorum Linn. (Nirmali) Seeds

Aim: Diseases due to pathogenic microbes pose a great burden on human health and they have been correlated with socioeconomic, environmental, and ecological factors. The threat due to infectious diseases is further intensified by the continued emergence of new and multidrug resistant microorganisms. This scenario warrants a continuous search for antimicrobial agents preferably of plant origin due to their availability, accessibility, and affordability. The present study was aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal properties of Strychnos potatorum Linn (Nirmali) seeds using common pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. Methodology: Fresh and matured S. potatorum seeds were used for the present study. The powdered seeds were delipidated with petroleum ether (60-80°C) overnight and the extract was filtered. Soxhalation was performed with 95% ethanol to extract the phyto-ingredients from the seeds. Four Gram positive, four Gram negative, and eight fungal strains were used. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion and well diffusion methods. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC), Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were assayed. Results: The data obtained through the disc diffusion, well diffusion, the minimum bactericidal concentration, and minimum fungicidal concentrations revealed that the ethanolic extract of the seeds possesses significant antibacterial and antifungal activities. The results obtained were compared with standard drugs widely prescribed for antimicrobial therapy. Conclusion: The present study provides the scientific rationale for the use of Strychnos potatorum seeds in traditional medicine and a rich source of phytochemicals having significant antimicrobial activities.