STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF HARDNESS REMOVAL OF BORE WATER USING PHYLLANTHUS EMBLICA AND COCONUT SHELL

The present study was done to evaluate the water purifying property of activated Phyllanthus Emblica wood and Coconut Shell. The groundwater sample was collected from Sangli and Ashta. Activated Phyllanthus Emblica and coconut shell were examined as a natural alternative material of ground water treatment. The water sample was tested for 12Hrs, 20Hrs, and 24Hrs respectively. We examined the hardness of the water sample and found that the hardness of water was reduced up to certain percentage. Hence, the hardness was reduced with increased time up to 24Hrs and as the dosage of material was increased.

Temporal Variation of Coastal Groundwater Quality in East Coast of Terengganu, Malaysia

Coastal groundwater is extremely vulnerable to saltwater contamination. This study was conducted to investigate the potential contamination of saltwater into coastal groundwater temporally. Data was obtained from PT000017 monitoring well from 2006 to 2012. Nine parameters of water quality were involved for data analyses. Two main diagrams used for data analyses are piper diagram and hydrochemical facies evolution diagram (HFE-D). All parameters were plotted to produce a piper diagram that determine the water type between different seasons. During wet season, groundwater samples are located in domain III that represent mixed Ca-Na-HCO3 water type; 2007 groundwater sample was located in domain I, represent Ca-HCO3 water type and during 2008 groundwater sample was located in domain II, represent Na-Cl water type. During dry season, groundwater samples are located in domain II that represent mixed Ca-Na-HCO3 water type meanwhile, 2009 and 2011 groundwater samples are located in domain I, represent Ca-HCO3 water type. Subsequently, HFE-D diagram was produced to determine the evolution process of salinization or freshening of coastal groundwater. In this study, all of groundwater samples were in freshening stage except during dry season 2007 groundwater sample was in the phase of saltwater intrusion.

Groundwater-Mixing Mechanism in a Multiaquifer System Based on Isotopic Tracing Theory: A Case Study in a Coal Mine District, China

Water inrush of mixed groundwater is the primary threat against safe production in coal mines. To study the mixing mechanism of a multiaquifer groundwater system, groundwater samples were collected from different strata in a typical North China-type coalfield (Chaochuan Coal Mine) and were then tested using environmental isotopes (18O, 2H, 3H, 13C, and 14C) and hydrochemical ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3−, SO42−, and Cl−) as tracer agents. Results demonstrate that HCO3− and Cl− exhibit a linear relationship with the mixing ratio, whereas Na+, Ca2+, and SO42− show certain degrees of curvature. This condition indicates that groundwater mixing involves major chemical actions. The δD–δ18O plot reveals that karst water and groundwater from Quaternary and sandstone aquifers are mainly mixtures of local rainfall, evaporated groundwater, and “palaeo-groundwater.” The 3H < 0.5 TU and 14C content in the groundwater sample number 27 is 13.6 pmc, which suggests that this groundwater sample is the last rainfall recharge in the ice stage. Palaeo-groundwater in a sandstone aquifer accounts for more than 60%, and that in the Cambrian limestone aquifer is lower than 20%. Groundwater from the Quaternary aquifer is supplied by “modern” rainfall. The δ13C of groundwater from a sandstone aquifer decreases with the increase in CO32− + HCO3−, and this condition reflects that organic matters exhibit biological degradation reaction. However, δ13C increases with the rise in CO32− + HCO3− in the Cambrian limestone groundwater, and this condition indicates that organic matters produce methane due to methanogens.

Performance of Rambutan Seed Extracts as Iron and Manganese Removal in Drinking Groundwater well in Tanah Merah, Kelantan

Groundwater is a major source of drinking water supply espeacially in Kelantan due to shortageof clean surface water. However, groundwater quality is found to be high in hardness, salinity,and concentration of iron, manganese, ammonium and flouride especially at rural area inKelantan. Therefore, groundwater should be treated before it can be used for domestic purposes.Currently, water treatment used chamicals for heavy metals removal although chemicals wereknown to be hazardous for human consumption. Thus, plant based material was proposed to givemore environmental friendly approach for drinking water treatment especially groundwater. Theobjective of this study is to determine the performance of extracted rambutan seed in removal ofiron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) from groundwater. Groundwater sample were collected fromseleced wells in Tanah Merah district, Kelantan, Malaysia. Iron and manganese contents ofgroundwater samples were measured before and after the jar test in the laboratory by usingAtomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). All water samples were tested with differentconcentration of rambutan seed cruded extracts. The experiments were carried out with coagulantdosage of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0 mg/L with the interval of 1.0 mg/L. The results showthat, Nephelium lappaceum seed can remove up to 91.38% of Fe in groundwater sample by usingoptimal dosage of l/L. The seed also able to remove up to 90.91% Mn in groundwater samplesusing the optimal dosage 5mg/L. The high removal rate for both iron and manganese reflectedthat rambutan seed has a potential to replace chemicals coagulant in water treatment. Hopefullywith this finding, peopl will have access to reasonable price, clean and safe drinking water and thegoverment can also save a few thousand ringgit for treatment expenses.

POTENTIAL OF HIGH QUALITY LIMESTONE AS ADSORBENT FOR IRON AND MANGANESE REMOVAL IN GROUNDWATER

Adsorption using low cost of media plays more attention to this current research. Previous literature found that high quality of limestone was effective in removing heavy metals in water and wastewater. In this study, the potential use of limestone media was investigated. Groundwater sample and limestone properties were characterized to determine the physical and chemical composition. The batch experiments were conducted to determine the effect of varied dosage and contact time. Analysis on isotherm and kinetic was carried out in this study. Batch study results showed that the maximum removal of both Fe and Mn was greater than 95 and 80% respectively which occurs at optimum dosage of 40g. Moreover, the optimum contact time of Fe and Mn was 90 and 120 minutes, respectively. At the optimum contact time, 96.8% of Fe and 87.4 % of Mn was removed using limestone adsorbent media. In isotherm study, the result revealed that Langmuir isotherm fitted the experimental data better than Freundlich isotherm for both Fe and Mn adsorption. In Langmuir isotherm, the maximum adsorption capacity for both Fe and Mn were 0.018mg/g and 0.011mg/g. Based on kinetic study, the removal of Fe and Mn followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model which R2 (>0.99) greater than in pseudo-first order. This indicates that the chemisorption is the mechanism of adsorption, which contributed to the Fe and Mn removal from the groundwater sample. Thus, from these results, limestone could be used as an alternative for the removal of Fe and Mn from groundwater

Iron and Manganese Removal from Groundwater Using High Quality Limestone

Several techniques are used for iron and manganese removal from groundwater. Among these treatments, adsorption has been proven to be a very effective in metal removal for groundwater treatment. Thus, limestone has been proposed as adsorption media because of its low cost. In this study, the mineral contents of limestone were detected using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). XRF results showed that limestone contains 97.93% CaCO3, 0.87% MgO, and 1.2% other elements. Groundwater sample was obtained from USM borehole located at 5° 08’ 50.5”N and 100° 29’ 34.7”E. A batch study was carried out for various dosages of limestone media (5–50 g) in 200 mL of groundwater sample. The highest iron and manganese removal was more than 90% and 70%, respectively, at optimum dosage of 40 g/200 mL sample. Adsorption data were modeled using Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The batch study result shows that monolayer Langmuir isotherm fitted the experimental data better than the Freundlich isotherm. The correlation coefficient (R2) in the Langmuir isotherm for both metals were 0.84 and 0.97, whereas 0.83 and 0.23 in the Freundlich isotherm, respectively. Based on the present results, application of limestone as adsorbent media can be a good alternative of groundwater treatment because of the low cost of the media. Thus, the use of limestone could help to overcome the excessive iron and manganese problem in water treatment plants.

Eccentric observation of total hardness in Lohara Village, Chandrapur District, Central India

The potability of water is judged by its physical, chemical and biological analysis. While analysing the water quality of Chandrapur district for winter 2012, summer 2013 and post-monsoon 2013 an eccentric observation was observed for total hardness estimation from the groundwater sample of Lohara village. While performing total hardness of groundwater sample by EDTA complexomertirc titration, after addition of buffer and inhibitor solution followed by Eriochrome Black T indicator a blue colour was formed instead of wine red colour. This observation was reported from all three sampling seasons. Perhaps, this may be the first time that such an observation was reported in the scientific literature. However, calcium hardness was found to be 84 ppm as CaCO3 in all three sampling season. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i1.9950 International Journal of Environment Vol.3(1) 2014: 134-140