Gout, Hyperuricaemia and Crystal-Associated Disease Network (G-CAN) common language definition of gout

ObjectiveTo develop a Gout, Hyperuricaemia and Crystal-Associated Disease Network (G-CAN) common language definition of gout, with the goal of increasing public understanding and awareness, and ensure consistent and understandable messages about gout.MethodsA G-CAN working group that included patients, physicians and nongovernmental organisation (NGO) representatives was formed to develop a common language definition of gout for use with the public, media, healthcare providers and stakeholders. A literature search and interviews with patients, healthcare workers and stakeholders informed development of the definition. Following consultation with G-CAN members and partners, the definition was endorsed by the G-CAN board.ResultsThe G-CAN common language definition of gout describes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, symptoms and impact, risk factors, comorbidities, management and healthcare and workforce considerations. Detailed information is provided to support the content of the definition. After the publication of the English-language version, the definition will be available for translation into other languages by G-CAN members.ConclusionG-CAN has developed a concise and easily understandable statement describing gout in language that can be used in conversations with the lay public, media, NGOs, funders, healthcare providers and other stakeholders.

An Analysis of Balinese Swearwords of English Private Course Students in Buleleng Regency

This study is intended to find out and analyze on the Balinese swearwords that often used by the English private course students in Buleleng in their daily conversation. Due to the problems discussed, the theories suggested in this research include language definition, sociolinguistics and swearwords definition. The method applied in this research is descriptive qualitative in nature and the data are from the English private course students in Buleleng. The subjects of this research are five English course students that originally came from Buleleng and they also lived in Buleleng. Then, the data analysis is performed to search the kinds of swearwords that they used, the reason of Buleleng people using the swearwords and also how often they speak the swearwords. This study use the swearwords classification according to types of swearwords which stated by Hughes (1998). This study finds the swearwords at several term included word related to religious (pirata), word related to sex (naskleng), word from excrement (tai and bangkaan), word from name of animal (cicing and bojog), and word from mental illness (lengeh,and buduh). Altough those words are dirty or rude to be said, but it often used by the Buleleng people even from the children until the adult. It will still like that for the next many years, because that is their culture herritage from many years ago.

Retrospect and Prospect of the Research on Finiteness

Finiteness has long been a controversial category. In particular, on its cross-language definition criteria, the academia has not reached a consensus so far. An examination of the trend of the research on finiteness can provide reference for its further study. The paper makes a systematic investigation into the research on finiteness, and finds that the research of finiteness has a tendency from phenotype to cryptotype, from verb to clause, from syntax to function, from monolingual perspective to typological one. From this trend, it can be inferred that the definition criteria of finiteness can be made more explicit if these features are integrated into its future study.

Abstract-Syntax-Driven Development of Oberon-0 Using YAJCo

YAJCo is a tool for the development of software languages based on an annotated language model. The model is represented by Java classes with annotations defining their mapping to concrete syntax. This approach to language definition enables the abstract syntax to be central point of the development process, instead of concrete syntax. In this paper a case study of Oberon-0 programming language development is presented. The study is based on the LTDA Tool Challenge and showcases details of abstract and concrete syntax definition using YAJCo, as well as implementation of name resolution, type checking, model transformation and code generation. The language was implemented in modular fashion to demonstrate language extension mechanisms supported by YAJCo.

The Focus in Spanish Language: Definition Problems and Syntactic Manifestations

The field of information structure, a meeting point of pragmatics with the traditional linguistic disciplines, is nowadays facing many terminological inconsistencies which hinder its theoretical consolidation, and the resulting practical application of its analytical models to concrete linguistic manifestations. The present article aims to revise the different conceptions of one of the central terms of this linguistic discipline, the focus, to contribute to its terminological elucidation. After presenting the existing definitions of focus as a pragmatic function, the author proceeds to analyse the information structure of its syntactic manifestations in concrete communicative situations in an attempt to determine how the assignment of this pragmatic function is conditioned by the degree of newness of the information, and what its relationship with the notion of contrast is. The study thus concludes with an outline proposal of a possible redefinition of the term and its main distinctive features.

Vehicular Cross-Border Languages, Multilingualism and the African Integration Debate: A Decolonial Epistemic Perspective

The proposition that African vehicular cross-border languages are best positioned to facilitate African integration is underpinned by a hegemonic and colonial philosophy that misdirects the African multilingual debate. This becomes apparent when the perceived utility of this category of languages is considered against the backdrop of contestations surrounding language definition traditions and the incidence of language multiversity in Africa1. Drawing on the ideas of decolonial scholarship from the Global South, this article provides a critical analysis of African vehicular cross-border languages and perceptions about their ability to resolve the anticipated intercultural communication problems of an integrated Africa. The article seeks to bring to the limelight some of the fundamental omissions and blind spots of such projective conclusions about the potential of vehicular cross-border languages and how such projections are shaped by dominant, neo-liberal and conservative language ideologies and ideologies of (or about) language.