Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of Urban Domestic Water Supply Inputs Based on VES Production Function

The Gompertz growth curve is used to describe the urban water population, the linear function is used to represent the per capita disposable income, and the domestic water demand is described combined with the factors of population, income, and the water-saving consciousness. The VES production function is used to describe the production function of the domestic water supply. Combined with system dynamics, the supply and demand management model of urban domestic water in Jiangsu province, China, is developed. The process of water supply investment and labor input in the urban domestic water system is studied with two depreciation methods: the straight-line depreciation method and the sum of years digits method. In the case that the water consumption population is expected to decline, four water demand scenarios composed of different per capita disposable income and the growth rate of water-saving consciousness are investigated. Investment and labor input are taken as control variables to conduct water supply and demand simulations for the four scenarios. The results show that the control schemes in all four scenarios reach a balance between water supply and demand. Moreover, the investment of the sum of years digits method is larger than that of the straight-line depreciation method in 2005–2019 but less than that of the straight-line depreciation method in 2020–2034. The sum of years digits method has the characteristics of more depreciation in the early stage and less depreciation in the later stage, which is conducive to timely compensation for the large loss of fixed assets in the early stage.

Assessment of rooftop rainwater harvesting in Ajloun, Jordan

In response to water scarcity in Ajloun governorate, Jordan, the effectiveness of implementing rooftop rainwater harvesting (RRWH) was investigated. In addition, a structured questionnaire was prepared and distributed to randomly selected residents to assess the status of the current RRWH practices in the governorate and the people's perceptions of this practice. It was found that between 0.39 million cubic meters (MCM) in a dry year (2017) and 0.96 MCM in a wet year (2018) can be harvested, which is equivalent to 7.6% and 16.8% of the domestic water supply for these years, respectively. The analysis of a total of 360 questionnaires revealed that only 14.2% of the households in Ajloun governorate own a RRWH system. However, the majority, 80.6%, of those who do not own a RRWH system showed interest in installing one. An overwhelming majority of the sample, 96.7%, believes that the government should provide incentives to subsidize the construction of RRWH systems, which is attributed to the high initial cost of these systems. The technical and social feasibilities of RRWH, in addition to the high cost of the alternatives, justifies providing incentives, such as cost sharing for the consumers in Ajloun to implement RRWH systems.

The Secret of the Main Campus Water-Wells, Arba Minch University, Ethiopia

Groundwater is one of the precious water sources for domestic, irrigation, and industrial demands in arid and semiarid regions of the world. The same is true in Ethiopia context. In this study, seven groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for various chemical constituents (pH, TDS, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42−, Cl−, HCO3−, and NO3−) to assess the hydrogeochemical characteristics and water types of the groundwater wells. Among the seven sampled groundwater wells, five wells are found and used for domestic water supply in Arba Minch University (AMU) main campus. The remaining two are used for industrial and irrigation demands located at the compound of Textile Factory and Haile Resort, respectively. Results showed that the main campus groundwater wells are saline and harder than the two wells from Textile Factory and Haile Resort. Moreover, elevated concentration of nitrate and potassium (greater than the maximum permissible level allowed in Ethiopia) were obtained in the groundwater sources used mainly in the AMU main campus wells. These elevated concentrations of potassium and nitrate beyond the enriched salt contents in the AMU main campus wells could pose kidney, cardiovascular, and other related health problems. This study, therefore, recommends the AMU to find other groundwater sources for drinking purpose other than the studied water-well field.

INVESTIGATIONS OF PEOPLE PERCEPTION ON DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY SITUATIONS IN KANO METROPOLIS NORTHWESTERN, NIGERIA

The problem of portable water supply has become an issue of global concerned as governments all over the world are trying to make house-holds water accessible to all as easier as possible to meet the challenges for sustainable development goals. This research has been conducted to determine the people’s perception on domestic water supply situation in Kano metropolis, Northwestern Nigeria. A self-designed questionnaire developed and distributed to the subjects using stratified sampling technique, and the data obtained has been presented in frequency and percentage. The results obtained revealed that, there is a scarcity of portable water supply to households in Kano metropolis. The problem emanated from lack of pipe-borne water which necessitated the dependence of the house-holds water supply on vendors that obtained water from boreholes and some hand-dug wells lacking proper hygienic practices. More so, the respondents were willing to pay for pipe borne water delivery, yet, they depend on vendors as their major water suppliers as alternatives. The unhygienic practices of the vendors and water sources posed threat to public health concerned

INVESTIGATIONS OF PEOPLE PERCEPTION ON DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY SITUATIONS IN KANO METROPOLIS NORTHWESTERN, NIGERIA

The problem of portable water supply has become an issue of global concerned as governments all over the world are trying to make house-holds water accessible to all as easier as possible to meet the challenges for sustainable development goals. This research has been conducted to determine the people’s perception on domestic water supply situation in Kano metropolis, Northwestern Nigeria. A self-designed questionnaire developed and distributed to the subjects using stratified sampling technique, and the data obtained has been presented in frequency and percentage. The results obtained revealed that, there is a scarcity of portable water supply to households in Kano metropolis. The problem emanated from lack of pipe-borne water which necessitated the dependence of the house-holds water supply on vendors that obtained water from boreholes and some hand-dug wells lacking proper hygienic practices. More so, the respondents were willing to pay for pipe borne water delivery, yet, they depend on vendors as their major water suppliers as alternatives. The unhygienic practices of the vendors and water sources posed threat to public health concerned.

WATER VENDORS PARTICIPATION IN DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY IN UNGUWA UKU, TARAUNI LOCAL GOVERNMENT, KANO STATE, NIGERIA

Water vending is seen as a signing of a failure in piped-borne water supply systems, it still plays significant role in providing water especially to urban dwellers in many parts of developing countries, Nigeria inclusive. Therefore, this study examined water vendors participation in domestic water supply in Unguwa Uku, Tarauni LGA Kano state. The data used in this research collected from both primary and secondary sources. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics, where simple percentages and tables used. The data analysis revealed that 57.4% of the residents in the study area patronized the services of water vendors. Patronage of vendor service dominated the frequency with 64.9% of respondent’s patronage of vended water. Seasonal variation in vended water supply patterns exist in the study area, with dry season account for the highest water demand and most supplies occurred during morning and evening hours. Based on the challenges bedevilled water-vending activities, the study recommends that vendors should be recognized as an integral part of the system as this may help in the design and implementation of more comprehensive policies that better serve poor end-users, by ensuring greater accessibility and affordability of water vendor’s service.

Bacteriological and Physicochemical Quality of Mono-pumps and Boreholes used as Sources of Domestic Water Supply in Abonnema Rivers State, Nigeria

Aim: This study was carried out to compare the bacteriological and physicochemical qualities of boreholes and mono-pumps water samples used as sources of domestic water supply, in Abonnema Community, Akuku-Toru Local Government Area, Rivers State. Methodology: A total of forty-eight water samples were collected twice monthly for four months and evaluated. The bacteriological parameters such as total heterotrophic bacterial, total coliform, faecal coliform, Vibrio, Salmonella - Shigella and Pseudomonas were analyzed using standard microbiological methods. The coliform was determined using the Most Probable number technique while, the physicochemical parameters were determined using Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Results: The total heterotrophic bacterial, coliform, faecal coliform, Vibrio, Salmonella-Shigella and Pseudomonas counts of the borehole samples ranged from 7.2×102 - 2.4×103, 2.3×102–4.0×102, 3.6×102-4.8×102, 7.3×102-1.4×103, 2.1×102-2.8×102 and 0.0×100Cfu/ml, respectively. The total heterotrophic bacterial counts, coliform counts, faecal coliform counts, Vibrio counts, Salmonella-Shigella counts and Pseudomonas counts for the mono-pump samples ranged from: 1.1×103- 1.8×103, 2.0×102– 9.1×102, 2.4×102- 3.8×102, 4.5×102-8.6×102, 1.4×102 - 4.2×102 and 0.0×100Cfu/ml, respectively. The bacterial genera identified were: Bacillus, Lynsinibacillus, Staphylococcus, Vibrio, Serratia, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Shigella, Salmonella, Paenibacillus, Aeromonas and Geobacillus. The means of physicochemical parameters for borehole and mono-pump, respectively were: alkalinity: 41.72±0.01-60.85±0.20 and 29.14±0.01-214.87±1.36mg/l; BOD: 8.26±0.01-10.44±0.0 and 5.12±0.01-5.79±0.01; COD: 126.52±0.01-172.41±0.04 and 83.20±0.44-218.00±0.57; DO: 6.31±0.01 and 3.05±0.07-8.29±0.01; calcium: 5.10±0.28-; 4.83±0.00-10.15±0.00 and 2.71±0.00-14.04±0.00; iron: 2.01±0.00-3.37±0.00 and 1.90±0.00-4.73±0.00; lead: 0.38±0.00-1.07±0.00 and 1.24±0.00-1.63±0.00; nitrate: 0.42±0.00-1.08±0.00 and 1.14±0.00-1.75±0.00; zinc:1.10±0.00-3.18±0.00 and 0.39±0.00-1.82±0.00; phosphate: 0.03±0.00-0.13±0.00 and 0.15±0.00-0.87±0.00; pH: 6.54±0.00-7.05±0.07 and 6.29±0.00-6.93±0.01; salinity: 4.02±0.00-5.14±0.00 and 2.83±0.00-5.88±0.00; total organic carbon: 1.39±0.01-2.81±0.010 and 1.64±0.00-3.42±0.01; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon: 32.69±0.00-55.73±0.00 and 45.10±0.00-61.49±0.00mg/l; total petroleum hydrocarbon:58.90±0.00-66.15±0.00 and 60.31±0.00-92.11±0.00 mg/l. Conclusion: The high counts of bacterial groups of public health importance identified from this study, including the presence of: COD, DO, Fe, Pb, Phosphate, Zinc, TPH and PAH in high concentrations reveals contamination of the water sources. Thus, treatment before drinking is recommended.