Variation in Selection Intensities among the Western Coastal Populations of India

Selection is continuously occurring on the living beings and the fittest who are able to reproduce will survive. To measure this selection, the data from 954 women was obtained who belong to different ethnic groups of Gujarat and Maharashtra and various index and components were computed using Crow`s Index and Johnston and Kensinger`s Index. The Crow`s total index value was found to be 0.539. The mortality component was found to be 0.130 and fertility component was found to be 0.363. The contribution of fertility component was greater than the mortality component according to Crow`s Index. Value of total selection index computed using Johnston and Kensinger`s Index is 0.639. The index of selection due to pre‐natal mortality and post‐natal mortality was observed to be 0.064 and 0.130 respectively. Therefore, it is found that among coastal populations of Gujarat and Maharashtra the selection trend is more due to fertility component than mortality component.

Oral Health Care for Patients With Microcephaly

Patients affected with microcephaly have a head circumference below the average for sex and age, and in most cases it is associated with altered brain structure, developmental problems and dysmorphic facial features. Thus, the objective of this study was to describe the therapeutic approaches for dental care of patients with microcephaly. The selection of scientific articles for the study construction was carried out through the databases Scielo, Medline, Bireme and PubMed with a total selection of 16 scientific articles with years of cut-off between 2010 to 2019. Microcephaly affects not only the patient’s general health status, but also dental care, which is hampered by the small number of professionals qualified to care for special patients and the little knowledge of the craniofacial and dental characteristics of these individuals. In most cases, the dental surgeon is unprepared and insecure before these patients, which is hampered by the little knowledge they have of their main oral and craniofacial characteristics. Thus, the professional is unable to determine clinical procedures to be performed. Thus, it can be concluded that it is necessary for the dentist to have knowledge about microcephaly and provide instruction to the children’s parents and guardians in this condition, thus facilitating the dental procedures execution.Keywords: Disabled Persons. Dental Care for Disabled. Oral Pathology.ResumoOs pacientes acometidos com microcefalia possuem um perímetro cefálico inferior à média para o sexo e idade, e na maioria dos casos está associado à estrutura cerebral alterada, problemas de desenvolvimento e características faciais dismórficas. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever as condutas terapêuticas para atendimento odontológico de pacientes com microcefalia. A seleção dos artigos científicos para construção do trabalho foi realizada por meio de bases de dados Scielo, Medline, Bireme e PubMed, com seleção total de 16 artigos científicos com anos de corte entre 2010 a 2019. A microcefalia afeta não apenas o estado de saúde geral do paciente, mas também o atendimento odontológico, que se torna dificultado devido ao pequeno número de profissionais habilitados para o atendimento a pacientes especiais e ao pouco conhecimento das características craniofaciais e dentárias desses indivíduos. Na maioria dos casos, o cirurgião-dentista encontra-se despreparado e inseguro diante desses pacientes, o que é dificultado pelo pouco conhecimento acerca das principais características bucais e craniofaciais. Com isso, o profissional fica impossibilitado na determinação de procedimentos clínicos a serem realizados. Desta forma pode-se concluir que é necessário ao cirurgião-dentista um conhecimento sobre a microcefalia e proporcionar instrução aos pais e responsáveis pelas crianças nesta condição, facilitando assim a execução dos procedimentos odontológicos. Palavras-chave: Pessoas com Deficiência. Assistência Odontológica para Pessoas com Deficiências. Patologia Bucal.

Dynamics of natural selection in two generations (on the example of the population of the Kirovograd region)

Aim. In connection with the success of modern medicine, the pressure of natural selection in various civilized human populations is weakening, which leads to the accumulation of a genetic load. The purpose of this work was to trace the change in the intensity of natural selection among population of the Kirovograd region in two successive generations. Methods. The collection of material was carried out in 2020 and 2021. Anonymous questionnaires were conducted and medical histories of women of post-reproductive age of the Kirovograd region were studied. The first generation included 40 women born in 1937–1959; the second generation consists of 273 women born in 1960–1981. Results. The total selection index was 0.27 in the first generation, and 0.37 in the second generation. The percentage of women who have not had pregnancies increased from the first generation to the second from 2.5 to 3.7, respectively. Conclusions. The index of total selection in the Kirovograd region population for one generation increased by almost one and a half times (from 0.27 to 0.37), as well as the index of differential fertility (from 0.25 to 0.35). Keywords: reproductive characteristics, Kirovograd population, Crow's index, selection, generations.

Social selection is density dependent but makes little contribution to total selection in New Zealand giraffe weevils

Social selection occurs when traits of interaction partners influence an individual's fitness and can alter total selection strength. However, we have little idea of what factors influence social selection's strength. Further, social selection only contributes to overall selection when there is phenotypic assortment, but simultaneous estimates of social selection and phenotypic assortment are rare. Here, we estimated social selection on body size in a wild population of New Zealand giraffe weevils ( Lasiorhynchus barbicornis ). We measured phenotypic assortment by body size and tested whether social selection varied with sex ratio, density and interacted with the body size of the focal individual. Social selection was limited and unaffected by sex ratio or the size of the focal individual. However, at high densities social selection was negative for both sexes, consistent with size-based competitive interactions for access to mates. Phenotypic assortment was always close to zero, indicating negative social selection at high densities will not impede the evolution of larger body sizes. Despite its predicted importance, social selection may only influence evolutionary change in specific contexts, leaving direct selection to drive evolutionary change.

RELEVANCE OF INDICATORS OF SOCIAL EMOTIONAL HEALTH IN DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF ADOLESCENCE

The aim of this research was to determine whether there are statistically relevant differences in Michael J. Furlong's concept of socio-emotional health with meta construct Covitality (SEV factor) between teenage and youth selections, gender, and nationalities in different schools.The participants of the research were 593 respondents from Latvia, aged 11-19 years. Out of the total selection of participants (N=593) there were 318 teens (M=13.01, SD=.84), of them 151 boys and 167 girls; the other group of 274 young people (M=15.85, SD = 1.02), consisted of 132 males and 142 females. To measure the positive aspects of the mental health, A Socio-emotional Health Survey was used (Social Emotional Health Survey – Secondary, SEHS-S, Furlong, You, Renshaw, O’Malley; 2014; adapted in Latvian by Kņaze, 2017).There were raised 6 questions in the beginning of the research. Results showed higher results for girls on the scale Belief in Others (its substructure Peer Support) and on the scale Emotional Competence (its substructure Empathy), compared to the selection of boys.The results on the scale Engaged living were statistically higher for teens compared to the selection of the youth. Teens also had higher statistical results of Co-vitality compared to the youth. However, the selection of youth showed statistically higher results in the Emotion Regulation (the substructure of Emotional Competence) compared to the selection of teens.The respondents from city schools showed statistically higher results on the scale Belief in Self, Engaged Living and Co-vitality compared to students from town schools. The Regression Analysis highlights the importance of the school environment in Co-vitality, which explains the 3% variance of the socio-emotional health.

Social selection is density dependent but makes little contribution to total selection in New Zealand giraffe weevils

Social selection occurs when traits of interaction partners influence an individual’s fitness and can fundamentally alter total selection strength. Unlike for direct selection, however, we have little idea of what factors influence the strength of social selection. Further, social selection only contributes to overall selection when there is phenotypic assortment, but simultaneous estimates of social selection and phenotypic assortment are rare. Here we estimated social selection on body size in a wild population of New Zealand giraffe weevils (Lasiorhynchus barbicornis). We did this in a range of contexts and measured phenotypic assortment for both sexes. Social selection was mostly absent and not affected by sex ratio or the body size of the focal individual. However, at high densities selection was negative for both sexes, consistent with competitive interactions based on size for access to mates. Phenotypic assortment was also density dependent, flipping from positive at low densities to negative at high densities. However, it was always close to zero, indicating negative social selection at high densities will not greatly impede the evolution of larger body sizes. Despite its predicted importance, social selection may only influence evolutionary change in specific contexts, leaving direct selection as the dominant driver of evolutionary change.

Dynamics of indexes of reproduction and selection in three generations of the urbanized population

Aim. Due to the fact that women's reproductive behavior has been changing with the development of civilization, from natural uncontrolled fertility in the early stages of human development to reproductive technologies in our time, the aim of this work was to study the direction and intensity of natural selection index and changes of the quantitative characteristics of reproduction in women residents of Kharkiv in three successive generations. Methods. Material was collected in 1990 and 2017. The obstetric and gynecological history of the inhabitants of Kharkiv was studied. The first generation included 589 women who were born in 1900–1925, 244 women born in the period 1928–1955, made up the second generation, 288 women who were born in 1956–1979, were assigned to third generation. Results. The total selection index is reduced from 0.56 in the first generation to 0.29 and 0.28 in the second and third generations, respectively. Over the eighty-year period, the differential fertility rate has decreased. The percentage of women with pathological pregnancies increased from 4.9 in the first generation, to 22.5 in the second and 18.4 in the third generation. Conclusions. The total selection index in the Kharkiv population into three successive generations has decreased by half: from 0.56 to 0.28, the index of differential mortality has decreased by almost four times. Keywords: reproductive characteristics, Kharkov population, Crow's index, selection, generations.

Crow’s index in ethnic and social groups of urban population

Aim. According to the data characterizing reproductive behavior of women, assess an impact of ethnicity and level of education on the intensity of selection in the urbanized multinational population of Kharkiv city. Methods. Data from obstetric history of 532 post-reproductive age women was studied. Results. For indicators of the number of pregnancies with favorable and unfavorable outcomes, universally valid statistical indicators were calculated. Crow’s indexes were calculated as indicators of the intensity of selection. The total selection index for Ukrainians living in Kharkiv equal 0.26, for Russians it is 0.32, and for the group formed from representatives of rare nationalities this index is 0.75. In a group of women with secondary education total selection index is 0.26, in a group with highest education it is 0.35. Conclusions. Ethnicity and level of education of women affects reproductive behavior and determine number of pregnancies and their outcomes. Selection indexes differ in ethnic groups and in groups with different levels of education. Keywords: reproductive characteristics, Kharkiv population, Crow's index, selection, nationality, education.

Indexes of natural selection in Kharkiv population

Aim. Reproductive behavior of women has particular importance in the reproduction of the population and depends on cultural characteristics and religious views. Number of birth and medical abortions become artificially regulated; nevertheless selection in human populations does not disappear. Therefore, the aim of this task to study the direction and intensity of indexes of natural selection and the dynamics of the gene pool in the Kharkiv population for two adjacent generations. Methods. The material was collected in 2017. Anonymous questionnaires were conducted for women in postreproductive age. The questionnaire includes questions which reflect a woman's gynecological and obstetrical anamnesis. The number of pregnancies and their outcomes was calculated: medical and spontaneous abortions, ectopic pregnancies, number of stillbirths and live births. Results. In one generation, the total selection index decrease from 0.29 to 0.28, while the differential fertility index is much higher than the differential mortality index. The average number of pregnancies and medical abortions reduced in the younger generation with statistically significant difference. Conclusions. The Kharkov population is characterized by a narrow type of reproduction. The dynamics of Crow's indexes are in line with global trends. From the older generation to the younger the total selection index decreases gradually.Keywords: reproductive characteristics,Kharkov population, Crow's index, selection, generations.