Natural Products as A Promising Therapy for SARS COV-2; An Overview

Recently emerging pandemic SARS CoV-2 conquered our world since December 2019. Continuous efforts have been done to find out effective immunization and precise treatment stetratigies A way from therapeutic options that were tried in SARS CoV-2, an increased attention is directed to predict natural products and mainly phytochemicals as collaborative measures for this crisis. In this review, most of the mentioned compounds specially flavonoids (biacalin, hesperidin, quercetin, luteolin,, and phenolic (resveratrol, curcumin, and theaflavin) exert their effect through interfering with the action of one or more of this proteins (spike protein, papain like protease, 3 chymotrypsin like cysteine protease, and RNA dependent RNA polymerase) that are involved in viral life cycle beside the anti-inflammatory effect of these compounds. The triterpenoids (celastrol, escin and glycyrrhizin) and the alkaloids (lycorine and cepharanthine) mediated their effect mainly through anti-inflammatory activity. Glycyrrhetinic acid (glycyrrhizin metabolite) dawn regulates ACE 2, and reduces protease expression, thus reduce viral entry. This review may be representing an initial step in long path for designing the successful and effective treatment or vaccine for this pandemic.

A Vaccination Simulator for COVID-19: Effective and Sterilizing Immunization Cases.

Accurate modeling provides a means by which a complex problem can be examined for informed decision-making. We present a particle-based SEIR epidemic simulator as a tool to assess the impact of vaccination strategies on viral propagation and to model both sterilizing and effective immunization outcomes. The simulator includes modules to support contact tracing of the interactions amongst individuals as well as epidemiological testing of the general population. The simulator particles are distinguished by age, thus enabling a more accurate representation of the rates of infection and mortality in accordance with differential demographic susceptibilities and medical outcomes. The simulator can be calibrated by region of interest and variable vaccination strategies (i.e. random or prioritized by age) so as to enable locality-sensitive virus mitigation policy measures and resource allocation. The results described, based on the experience of the province of Lecco, Italy, indicate that the tool can be used to evaluate vaccination strategies in a way that incorporates local circumstances of viral propagation and demographic susceptibilities. Further, the simulator accounts for modeling the distinction between sterilizing immunization, in which immunized people are no longer contagious, and that of effective immunization, in which symptoms and mortality outcomes are diminished but individuals can still transmit the virus.

CURRENT UPDATES ON COVID-19 VACCINES

Background: COVID-19 caused the world to shut down and made us to critically look out at our advanced healthcare systems that are well prepared for heart diseases, cancers, organ transplantation but not for attack of a tiny virus. WHO and other authorized bodies are continuously issuing advisory on preventive measurements, tracking the outbreak and distributing vital medical kits. Scientific community and vaccine experts have developed and started to distribute safe and effective immunization worldwide. Objective: The paper outlines several developed and developing immunization vehicles for the management of COVID -19 that will hit global market in year 2021. Method: Non clinical and clinical data are collected from authentic sources of World Health Organization portal and press release provided by COVID-19 vaccine developers. Result: Different platforms including mRNA, DNA, Viral vectors, Synthetic peptides etc. have been conversed that are globally involved for elimination of SARS-CoV-2, a causative virus of COVID-19. Conclusion: Numerous academic institutions and companies of worldwide have developed and evaluated their inoculums after extremely compressed clinical trial agendas. Worldwide eminent developers such as Pfizer and BioNTech, Moderna, AstraZenaca and Bharat Biotech are ready with their esteemed products for the management of pandemic COVID-19. They explored pharmaceutical technologies reliant on genetics, nanoengineering and biotechnology for successful development of these anti SARS-CoV-2 inoculums. Taking account on conditions of more vulnerable community including immunocompromised, geriatrics and comorbidities patients the safety and efficacy of vaccine are yet to be monitored..

Immunogenicity of an AAV-based, room-temperature stable, single dose COVID-19 vaccine in mice and non-human primates

SummaryThe SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has affected more than 70 million people worldwide and resulted in over 1.5 million deaths. A broad deployment of effective immunization campaigns to achieve population immunity at global scale will depend on the biological and logistical attributes of the vaccine. Here, two adeno-associated viral (AAV)-based vaccine candidates demonstrate potent immunogenicity in mouse and nonhuman primates following a single injection. Peak neutralizing antibody titers remain sustained at 5 months and are complemented by functional memory T-cells responses. The AAVrh32.33 capsid of the AAVCOVID vaccine is an engineered AAV to which no relevant pre-existing immunity exists in humans. Moreover, the vaccine is stable at room temperature for at least one month and is produced at high yields using established commercial manufacturing processes in the gene therapy industry. Thus, this methodology holds as a very promising single dose, thermostable vaccine platform well-suited to address emerging pathogens on a global scale.

WFPHA Immunisation position paper: advocating together for equitable and effective immunisation

M. Moore will present the solutions and next steps highlighted in WFPHA position paper to create a sense of ownership by all health professionals to align their efforts and advocacy for equitable and effective immunization.

Simulation Study of H1N1 Transmission through Immigrants and Vaccination

H1N1 influenza, is a disease caused by the Type A strain of negative-sense single stranded RNA virus which has unique characteristics of reassortment making it different and difficult to control. Due to the unique nature of the virus, the constant globalization of the international population, and the lack of effective immunization, this virus is a great threat to public health. There is only limited data available on impacts of immigrants on H1N1 transmission. So, there is real need to study impacts of immigrants on H1N1 transmission as well as vaccination. We have studied a mathematical model for simulation study of H1N1 transmission through immigrants and vaccination. The class of susceptible people is divided in two types: vaccinated immigrants and non-vaccinated immigrants. The medications and hospitalizations are the remedial steps to get cured. The rate at which people get medicated or hospitalized is analyzed using SEIR model. The system of non-linear ordinary differential equation is formulated for the given model and the reproduction number is then calculated using next generation matrix method which indicates the recovery rate of an individual stability. Numerical simulations are then carried out. Our study showed that increasing the awareness among the general population, immigrants about clinical features and modes of transmission of H1N1 and improving the vaccination rate helps decrease the transmission of H1N1.

Progress in the Development of Subunit Vaccines against Malaria

Malaria is a life-threatening disease and one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the human population. The disease also results in a major socio-economic burden. The rapid spread of malaria epidemics in developing countries is exacerbated by the rise in drug-resistant parasites and insecticide-resistant mosquitoes. At present, malaria research is focused mainly on the development of drugs with increased therapeutic effects against Plasmodium parasites. However, a vaccine against the disease is preferable over treatment to achieve long-term control. Trials to develop a safe and effective immunization protocol for the control of malaria have been occurring for decades, and continue on today; still, no effective vaccines are available on the market. Recently, peptide-based vaccines have become an attractive alternative approach. These vaccines utilize short protein fragments to induce immune responses against malaria parasites. Peptide-based vaccines are safer than traditional vaccines, relatively inexpensive to produce, and can be composed of multiple T- and B-cell epitopes integrated into one antigenic formulation. Various combinations, based on antigen choice, peptide epitope modification and delivery mechanism, have resulted in numerous potential malaria vaccines candidates; these are presently being studied in both preclinical and clinical trials. This review describes the current landscape of peptide-based vaccines, and addresses obstacles and opportunities in the production of malaria vaccines.

Kaz Yetiştiriciliğinde Her Yönü ile Biyogüvenlik Prosedürleri

Efficient and profitable production in goose breeding is possible only with healthy flocks. There are many bacterial, viral, parasitic and fungal diseases that cause serious losses in the geese, although there are species of geese that are least affected by bird in poultry. As in other poultry, the treatment of the goose is more expensive than conservation. For this reason, biosecurity procedures must be applied to minimize the emergence and spread of diseases, to save on the treatment of diseases, to improve herd health, to minimize animal deaths and to increase the profitability of the enterprise. These biosecurity procedures can be performed in two ways as routine and high risk. Routine biosecurity procedures are the prevention of the entry of disease factors into the farm, effective hygiene and sanitation program, effective immunization programs for the establishment of adequate immunity, working with qualified personnel, proper management of the herd management program and good control. High-risk biosecurity procedures are practices that should be done in a planned and scheduled manner in case of suspected and epidemic animal disease. In conclusion, if biosecurity procedures in goose breeding are performed effectively and disciplined, healthy flocks and more profitability should be taken into account.