Differential possibilities of classical histological research methods for establishing the genesis of hemorrhages in the human brain substance

Verification of the cause of death (CD) from ischemic cerebral infarction (ICI), hemorrhage of traumatic (GTG) and non-traumatic (GNG) genesis eliminates the violent origin of death. Very often it is difficult to diagnose the genesis of hemorrhage only macroscopically when performing an autopsy, so additional material should be selected for forensic histological examination. Aim of the work. To develop forensic criteria for the differentiation of ICI, GTG and GNG of the brain by light microscopy of histological sections of the human brain (HB). Material and methods. For the study were used native sections and stained histological specimens of HB from 110 corpses in the case of: death from ICI – 30 histological specimens (1 group), which were made of 30 speciments stained by the methods of Nissl and Spiel-Mayer; GNG – 30 histological samples (group 2) – 30 speciments, stained similarly to the previous group; GNG – 30 histological samples (group 3) – 30 speciments stained similarly to the previous group. Brain preparations in case of death from coronary heart disease were selected for control – 20 samples (4 groups) – 20 speciments stained by the methods of Nissl and Spiel-Mayer. Results. Analysis of the obtained data of histological examination of morphological changes of tissue elements of the human brain with different genesis of hemorrhage did not reveal stable relationships between changes in the structure of nervous tissue and the cause of hemorrhage. Conclusion. Given the nonspecificity of degenerative changes in the structural elements of the brain, depending on the genesis of hemorrhage, it can be concluded that morphological methods of histological preparations of the brain do not provide accurate and objective information about the genesis of hemorrhage.

The Influence of Respiratory Component on Satisfaction with Physical Therapy after Cardiosurgical Interventions

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of additional respiratory physical therapy on the level of satisfaction with physical therapy among patients after cardiac surgery. Materials and methods. The study involved 150 patients. The patients were randomly divided into three groups: control (respiratory physical therapy was limited to cough), group of incentive spirometry (in classes with a physical therapist patients performed additional 3 approaches of 10 breaths through the simulator; they received recommendations for hourly performance of a similar number of cycles of exercise), a group of patients who received additional respiratory physical therapy with positive expiratory pressure in the form of exhalation into a bottle of water through a tube (number of repetitions and recommendations are similar to those received by the previous group). All groups underwent the same protocol of mobilization and use of therapeutic physical exercises in the procedure of therapeutic gymnastics. Performing exercises with breathing simulators began on the first postoperative day. Results and discussion. A questionnaire (17 questions) was used to assess the satisfaction with physical therapy. The survey was conducted on the seventh postoperative day. The answers were distributed on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 point to 5 points. The key preoperative indicators and time indicators of surgical interventions of the examined groups did not differ significantly. Analysis of satisfaction with physical therapy revealed a high level in all items of the questionnaire. Statistical differences between the groups were found in only three items of the questionnaire, but they were not related to either the use of equipment or diligence in treatment or the content of physical therapy. The overall score of the questionnaire did not differ in groups according to the Kraskel-Wallis criterion, and Me indicators (25%; 75%) were in the control group – 81 (77; 85) points, in the group of stimulating spirometry – 81 (72; 85) points in the group with positive expiratory pressure – 79 (73; 84) points (χ2 = 4.560; p = 0.102). Conclusion. Additional respiratory physical therapy did not affect the overall satisfaction rate and results of most items of the questionnaire. The differences found in the three items did not indicate any effect of the use of respiratory physical therapy on the level of satisfaction, as higher scores in these items were in the control group. All items in the questionnaire received high scores

The effect of previous experience with working in groups on students’ academic performance in the accounting discipline

Este trabajo analiza la aplicación de técnicas de aprendizaje cooperativo en asignaturas de contabilidad para investigar si la disposición de los estudiantes a trabajar en grupo, a partir de sus percepciones sobre esta técnica de aprendizaje derivadas de experiencias previas de trabajo en grupo, están relacionadas con su rendimiento académico. Los resultados revelan que las percepciones de los estudiantes respecto a la mejora de sus habilidades por haber trabajado en grupo se relacionan positiva y significativamente con su rendimiento académico; mientras que las percepciones de los estudiantes respecto a haber aprendido de otros se relacionan negativa y significativamente con su rendimiento académico. Por lo tanto, este estudio amplía la literatura existente sobre el aprendizaje cooperativo y el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes, al considerar las actitudes de los estudiantes hacia el trabajo en grupo resultantes de sus experiencias previas. This paper analyses the implementation of cooperative learning techniques in accounting subjects to investigate whether students’ willingness to work in groups, based on their perceptions regarding this learning technique arising from previous group working experiences, are related to their academic performance. The findings reveal that students’ perceptions regarding their improved skills due to having worked in groups are positively and significantly related to their academic performance; meanwhile students’ perceptions of having learnt from others are negatively and significantly related to their academic performance. Therefore, this study extends the existing literature on cooperative learning and students’ academic performance by considering students’ attitudes toward working in groups resulting from their prior experiences.

De-radicalization Program: The Case Study of Indonesia

Deradicalization program has emerged since 2012 by Indonesian Government due to the fact of increasing number of terrorism act happened in Indonesia. Indonesian government imposed the soft approach in order to be able to rehabilitate terrorist, its group, and family from radical mindset effectively. The ex-convicted terrorist is expected to disengage from their previous group and mindset and ready to rejuvenate as a new person with a moderate mind so that they can mingle back to the society. The program that applied by BNPT is comprehensively for all ages the only differences is when encountered the youth so the approach is slightly different. The purpose of this study is to describe and explaining the formulation of Indonesian deradicalization program in detail. This study uses a social identity theory in explaining the formulation and implementation of BNPT de-radicalization program. In this study, the author used qualitative methods with explanatory research type, followed by collecting data through literature. Based on existing findings, the deradicalization program, which rooted in social identity basic assumptions, is comprehensively established without discrediting certain religious values. And the de-radicalization program in Indonesia can be regarded as successful if the number of people turning back to the radical acts is low. So that to create a sustainable effort BNPT should promote the program more harmoniously, to ensure the effectiveness of the rehabilitation program.

The Effect of Respiratory Physical Therapy on the Lеvel of Free Fluid in Pleural Cavities after Cardiac Surgery

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of respiratory physical therapy on the level of free fluid in the pleural cavities after cardiac surgery. Materials and methods. The study involved 138 patients. The patients were randomly divided into three groups: control (respiratory physical therapy was limited to cough), group of incentive spirometry (in classes with a physical therapist patients performed additional 3 approaches of 10 breaths through the simulator; they received recommendations for hourly performance of a similar number of cycles of exercise), a group of patients who received additional respiratory physical therapy with positive expiratory pressure in the form of exhalation into a bottle of water through a tube (number of repetitions and recommendations are similar to those received by the previous group). All groups underwent the same protocol of mobilization and use of therapeutic physical exercises in the procedure of therapeutic gymnastics. Performing exercises with breathing simulators began on the 1st postoperative day. Results and discussion. The results of ultrasound examinations of the level of free fluid in the left and right pleural cavities, which were performed according to the postoperative protocol, were studied. The first ultrasound examination, which was analyzed, was performed on the seventh postoperative day, and in the absence of the study on this day, the data of the next study were selected with the registration of the postoperative day number. In addition, the indicators of the final studies of the level of free fluid of the pleural cavities were compared. The position of the patient during the examinations was a sitting one. Analysis of the level of pleural effusion did not establish the benefits of using additional respiratory physical therapy in both groups. The results of studies of the right pleural cavities did not differ in groups of patients, but those of the left ones differed. Conclusion. Pairwise comparison of the groups confirmed the presence of statistically worse results of examinations of the left pleural cavities in the group of incentive spirometry, as well as the absence of statistical differences between the results of the other two groups. The negative effect of incentive spirometry should be confirmed by additional studies, as its effect differed for the results of the left (negative effect) and right (no advantage) pleural cavity

Social Relationships in Diverse Neighborhoods: Immigration and Gentrification in an Ethnic Enclave

While diversity is considered a condition for just and thriving neighborhoods and cities, planners often face challenges in creating and maintaining such neighborhoods, ensuring they remain inclusive. This article examines the social relationships of an aging ethnic enclave undergoing diversification through influxes of immigrants and young professionals. Field research conducted in Greektown in Baltimore revealed “symbolic relationships” across diverse resident groups that were derived from previous group experiences, cultural heritage, and self-identification. These inter-group symbolic relationships can serve as a foundation for the coexistence of diverse groups of residents and have the potential to foster collaboration among such groups.

Assessment of the Pain, Stress and Emotional Factor Related to the Occurrence of Bruxism

Summary Background/Aim: Bruxism is a parafunctional habit that has multiple etiology. Globally it is a widespread problem. The purpose of this study was to assess the presence of pain, stress and to understand the emotional factor and their relations to the occurrence of bruxism. Material and Methods: For the purpose of this paper, 40 patients with partial edentuloissness and bruxism were treated prosthetically and with night dentures. They were assessed for the degree of the pain they feel and were given questionnaires for the level of stress they feel and for their psychological situation. The control group consisted of 40 patients who were not treated but were diagnosed with the same methods like the previous group. Results: Patient feel pain from the consequences of bruxism, disregarding the statistical significance related to gender. Stress pays a major role as we live in a dynamic and demanding society. The more competitive and ambitious the person is the more there are possibilities for occurrence of bruxism. Emotions are a very complex matter that unconsciously can be connected to the presence of bruxism. Conclusions: Besides prosthetic rehabilitation, sometimes a multidisciplinary approach is needed. Dentists should be aware of their role as psychiatrist and need to be educated of the principles of a patient’s analysis and of the cognitive behavioral therapy.

Scarce and directly beneficial reputations support cooperation

ABSTRACTA human solution to the problem of cooperation is the construction and maintenance of informal reputation hierarchies. Reputational information contributes to cooperation by providing guidelines about previous group-beneficial or free-rider behavior of opponents in social dilemma interactions. How reputation information could be credible, however, when outcomes of interactions are not publicly known, remains a puzzle. In this study, we propose that credibility could be ensured if reputation is a scarce resource and it is not believed to be earned for direct benefits. We tested these propositions in a laboratory experiment in which participants played two-person Prisoner’s Dilemma games without partner selection, could observe some other interactions and could communicate reputational information about possible prospective opponents to each other. We found that scarcity is a necessary condition for reputation scores to be informative. While cooperation has not been sustained at a high level in any of the conditions, reputational information clearly influenced cooperation decisions. The possibility of exchanging third-party information was able to increase the level of cooperation the most if reputation was a scarce resource and contrary to our expectations, when reputational scores have been directly translated into monetary benefits.

Trial by Social Media

Social media makes it easier than ever to access information and opinions associated with criminal proceedings and viewing or discussing these pre-trial could reduce juror impartiality. This study explored whether viewing social media comments influenced mock juror verdicts. Seventy-two participants formed 12 six-person ‘mock juries'. All participants received information regarding a murder trial. Nine groups were exposed to social media comments, manipulated to be negative, positive or neutral towards the defendant. The remaining three groups only received trial information (control condition). Results showed that prior to group discussion, exposure to negatively-biased comments significantly increased the number of guilty verdicts, however these effects disappeared after group discussion. Therefore, although jurors may be unable to remain impartial before a trial, jury discussion can remove these prejudices, supporting previous group research. Further research is suggested where participants interact actively with social media, rather than passively viewing comments.

Assessing the Differential Effects of Known and Mystery Rewards in a Preschool-Based Group Contingency

Group contingencies have been used successfully to modify a variety of behaviors for children with diverse characteristics across multiple settings. However, these interventions have not been applied to increase social interactions (SI) between typically developing children and those with multiple or severe disabilities (MSD). Furthermore, little research has been conducted to examine whether differential outcomes are associated with the type of reward used (known or mystery). The purpose of this study was to examine the differential effects of known versus mystery rewards on the SI of preschool children with and without MSD within an independent group contingency. The findings indicated that although there were no differences in levels of SI between reward types, both were superior to the baseline condition and were viewed as socially valid by classroom teachers and naive raters. In addition, this study was conducted with high methodological quality exceeding that of previous group contingency research conducted in preschool settings and of other studies examining the differential effects of known and mystery rewards. The results provide meaningful information regarding practices that support children with MSD and add to the group contingency literature.