‘A Just Government’—Empire, Religion, Chaplains and the Corporation

The introduction details how religion and religious life were interwoven with the development of ideas of civic, commercial and religious government. Moving beyond the traditional narrative that sees these texts as purely evangelical justifications, it introduces the reader to the key themes and arguments of the book; that religion framed the expansion, behaviour and interaction of government abroad, and that this is one of the primary reasons for the different forms of government adopted by English people across the globe. At the same time, it also provides a mechanism to connect these varying governments.

Linking Expansion Behaviour of Extruded Potato Starch/Rapeseed Press Cake Blends to Rheological and Technofunctional Properties

In order to valorise food by-products into healthy and sustainable products, extrusion technology can be used. Thereby, a high expansion rate is often a targeted product property. Rapeseed press cake (RPC) is a protein- and fibre-rich side product of oil pressing. Although there is detailed knowledge about the expansion mechanism of starch, only a few studies describe the influence of press cake addition on the expansion and the physical quality of the extruded products. This study assessed the effect of RPC inclusion on the physical and technofunctional properties of starch-containing directly expanded products. The effect of starch type (native and waxy), RPC level (10, 40, 70 g/100 g), extrusion moisture content (24, 29 g/100 g) and barrel temperature (20–140 °C) on expansion, hardness, water absorption, and solubility of the extrudates and extruder response was evaluated. At temperatures above 120 °C, 70 g/100 g of RPC increased the sectional and volumetric expansion of extrudates, irrespective of starch type. Since expansion correlates with the rheological properties of the melt, RPC and RPC/starch blends were investigated pre- and postextrusion in a closed cavity rheometer at extrusion-like conditions. It was shown that with increasing RPC level the complex viscosity |ƞ*| of extruded starch/RPC blends increased, which could be linked to expansion behaviour.

Tuning Extreme Anisotropic Thermal Expansion in 1D Coordination Polymers through Metal Selection and Solid Solutions

The thermal expansion behaviour of a series of 1D coordination polymers has been investigated. Variation of the metal centre allows tuning of the thermal expansion behaviour from colossal positive volumetric...

The Development of Stabilised Clay-Hemp Building Material for Sustainability and Low Carbon Use

This paper reports on stabilised clay-hemp building material for sustainability and low carbon use. Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) was used as a partial substitute for conventional stabiliser (lime or Portland cement) to stabilise Lower Oxford Clay (LOC) incorporating industrial hemp. The development of stabilised clay-hemp building material is expected to underpin the potential of commercial production of non-fired stabilised hemp walls, hemp blocks and hemp bricks, with a potential to offer an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional concrete, fired clay bricks and cement bricks. The parameters considered in this study are: material characterisation, unconfined compressive strength, linear expansion and cost. The 50-day linear expansion results for the test specimens showed that the maximum overall expansion rate for all the stabilised mixtures was 2%. The expansion behaviour of all stabilised clay-hemp material was significantly reduced with the presence of GGBS. The cost analysis results showed that the stabilised clay-hemp material manufactured with lime – GGBS system had the lowest net present value.

Release characteristics of overpressurised gas from complex vents: implications for volcanic hazards

Many explosive volcanic eruptions produce underexpanded starting gas-particle jets. The dynamics of the accompanying pyroclast ejection can be affected by several parameters, including magma texture, gas overpressure, erupted volume and geometry. With respect to the latter, volcanic craters and vents are often highly asymmetrical. Here, we experimentally evaluate the effect of vent asymmetry on gas expansion behaviour and gas jet dynamics directly above the vent. The vent geometries chosen for this study are based on field observations. The novel element of the vent geometry investigated herein is an inclined exit plane (5, 15, 30° slant angle) in combination with cylindrical and diverging inner geometries. In a vertical setup, these modifications yield both laterally variable spreading angles as well as a diversion of the jets, where inner geometry (cylindrical/diverging) controls the direction of the inclination. Both the spreading angle and the inclination of the jet are highly sensitive to reservoir (conduit) pressure and slant angle. Increasing starting reservoir pressure and slant angle yield (1) a maximum spreading angle (up to 62°) and (2) a maximum jet inclination for cylindrical vents (up to 13°). Our experiments thus constrain geometric contributions to the mechanisms controlling eruption jet dynamics with implications for the generation of asymmetrical distributions of proximal hazards around volcanic vents.