Туруни (Carabidae) Ківерцівського національного природного парку «Цуманська пуща»: попередні дослідження

Робота відображає підсумки першого вивчення турунів у межах Ківерцівського національного природного парку «Цуманська пуща» – унікальної природної пам’ятки на північному заході України. Національний природний парк розташований у межах Ківерцівського адміністративного району Волинської області і займає площу 33475,34 га. Створений на базі найбільш цінних дубових та сосново-дубових лісових масивів. Дослідження проводили у 2017–2019 рр. методами маршрутних зборів та косіння ентомологічним сачком. Обстежено заплавні луки р. Конопельки поблизу с. Сокиричі, с. Муравище, с. Пальче, ліс в урочищі Папики поблизу с. Дерно, ліс поблизу с. Дачне, луки та ліс поблизу смт Цумань, ліс поблизу м. Ківерці, заплави річок Путилівки (с. Ставок, смт Цумань), Кормин (поблизу с. Берестяне), Рудки (неподалік с. Журавичі), Грушвиці (неподалік с. Омельне), меліоративні канали та луки навколо них (с. Дерно, смт Цумань).У Ківерцівському національному природному парку «Цуманська пуща» зареєстровано 39 видів турунів, що належать до 20 родів. Найбільше видове різноманіття має рід Pterostichus, до якого належить 8 видів. Тільки на згарищі зареєстровано 8 видів: Agonum sexpunctatum, Amara communis, Amara curta, Amara tibialis, Bembidion lampros, Dyschirius globosus, Poecilus versicolor, Pterostichus minor, лише в сосновому лісі виявлено Amara familiaris, лише в дубовому лісі трапляються 15 видів: Agonum gracilipes, Amara aenea, Calosoma inquisitor, Carabus coriaceus, Carabus hortensis, Harpalus latus, Leistus rufomarginatus, Leistus terminates, Limodromus assimilis, Nebria brevicollis, Notiophilus biguttatus, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus strenuous, Stomis pumicatus, Synuchus vivalis. Видове багатство зростає за градієнтом: сосновий ліс – дубовий ліс – згарище. У сосновому лісі індекс Маргалефа становить 1,93, у дубовому – 3,55, на колишньому згарищі – 4,42. Найбільшу спільність видів турунів мають біотопи дубового лісу і згарища (0,48), середній показник спільності властивий для лісових біотопів (0,44), найменша подібність видового складу турунів властива біотопам соснового лісу та згарища (0,28).

The ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) of the Karatepa and Chakilkalyan mountains (west part of Zarafshan Mountains Range, Uzbekistan)

Ground beetles (Carabidae) are one the most numerous and well-studied families of Coleoptera. However, the study of the biodiversity of these beetles in Uzbekistan lags far behind other Central Asian countries. This research was carried out during 2018–2019 in two areas in the west part of the Zarafshan Mountain Range – in the Chakilkalyan and Karatepa mountains. In total, 49 species of ground beetles belonging to 31 genera, 16 tribes and 8 subfamilies were recorded. The most representative was the subfamily Harpalinae (32 species from 20 genera, 65.3%). By the number of individuals, representatives of Harpalinae made up 85.6% of all collected ground beetles. The Trechinae subfamily included five species from three genera (10.2%), the Scaritinae subfamily – four species from two genera (8.2%), the Carabinae subfamily – three species from two genera (6.1%), the Broscinae subfamily – two species from the same genus (4.1%). The subfamilies Brachininae, Cicindelinae and Nebriinae are represented by one species (2.0% each). In the Karatepa Mountains, 34 species from 23 genera were identified, and in the Chakilkalyan Mountains, 34 species from 21 genera. 19 species of ground beetles were common to the two mountains. The fauna of ground beetles in these mountains differed significantly in the composition of the dominant species. In the Karatepa Mountains, the dominant species were Zabrus morio, Eocarterus chodshenticus, Amara aenea, and Acinopus laevigatus, and the subdominant ones were Brachinus explodens, Calathus ambiguus, and Poecilus longiventris. In the Chakilkalyan Mountains, Anchomenus dorsalis, Harpalus rufipes, and Chlaenius extensus are dominant, while Amara aenea, Harpalus distinguendus, Dolichus halensis turned out to be subdominant. However, the composition of dominant species varied at different sites. The rarest species were Anisodactylus binotatus, Cymindis andreae, Taphoxenus goliath, Calosoma sycophanta, Scarites subcylindricus, Chilotomusus gentensis, Calathus peltatus and Broscus punctatus. Different areas of both mountains differed significantly in the diversity of ground beetle fauna. In both mountains, the lowest diversity was noted at the highest altitude areas. In four areas of the Karatepa Mountains, the average value of the Zhakar and Chekanovsky-Sørensen indices was 0.27 and 0.11, and in five areas of the Chakilkalyan Mountains – 0.24 and 0.25. And the similarities between the communities of the two mountains were also insignificant (0.39 and 0.11).

Impact of Nonchemical Protection of Broad Bean on Epigeic and Soil Arthropodofauna—Analysis in Field-Realistic Conditions

Plant protection methods, even those considered as safe for the environment and consumers, may have unexpected effects on nontarget organisms. The effect of broad bean protection, using Pythium oligandrum, paraffin-coated garlic pulp, and extract from grapefruit seeds and pulp on the abundance of epigeic and soil arthropodofauna in a 3-year field experiment was estimated. The effect was compared with chemical protection, which served as the reference to the conventional system. Use of nonchemical products did not affect the overall abundance of the studied arthropods such as Arachnida (except Acarina), Carabidae, Staphylinidae, and Collembola. These methods, however, may favor Formicidae. In comparison to chemicals (carboxin, mancozeb, deltamethrin, and alpha-cypermethrin), nonchemical preparations seemed to be safer for soil mites—they limited their abundance to a lesser degree. Some individual carabid species showed differing responses to the applied protection methods: Amara aenea occurred only in nonchemically protected areas, Platynus assimilis tends to prefer broad beans protected solely with P. oligandrum, while Anchomenus dorsalis prefer plots protected chemically (seed treatment and 3-time spraying). This may be the effect of the different shading of the soil surface as a result of the influence of protection measures on plant growth. Other explanations may include different vulnerability of species to preparations as well as indirect reaction to the occurrence of other taxa (reduced competition and impairment of food sources) or hormesis.

STUDIES OF CARABIDS COMPLEXES INSIDE THE CITY BLOCKS IN KEMEROVO

Studies of carabids complexes inside the city blocks on the example of one district of the city were conducted. Carabids were studied on lawns, in coniferous and deciduous plantings. 46 species of ground beetles were found, including 38 species on lawns and 28 species in plantings. On the lawns are dominated by carabids Poecilus versicolor, Amara aenea, Poecilus fortipes, Harpalus rufipes. In the coniferous and deciduous plantations are dominated by the species Harpalus affinis, Pterostihus niger, Pterostihus melanarius and Harpalus rufipes.

Effects of insecticides intended for Ceutorhynchus napi Gyll. control in oilseed rape on ground beetles

The effects of insecticides that are commonly used for conventional and integrated oilseed rape (OSR) management on ground beetles were studied. Monitoring of harmful species showed that only insecticides intended against Ceutorhynchus napi should be applied. There were no differences in beetle numbers and phenology of settling of C. napi in the OSR fields that received different management practices. The type of OSR management has a primary and significant impact on ground beetles abundance. Early in the spring, ground beetles settled more massively on the non-tilled OSR field with abundant weed cover and mulch on soil surface. However, there were no significant differences in species richness between the OSR fields managed differently. A total of 22 species were recorded. Early in the spring, the granivorous ground beetles Amara aenea (47.3%) and Harpalus distinguendus (32.5%) were dominant. When insecticides were applied, immigration of ground beetles began, so that their adverse effect was minimal. In both management systems the number of ground beetles and their diversity increased after spraying. In conclusion, no significant harmful effects of the insecticides on ground beetles were detected in OSR fields managed in two different ways.

Cover Crops and Disturbance Influence Activity-Density of Weed Seed PredatorsAmara aeneaandHarpalus pensylvanicus(Coleoptera: Carabidae)

The activity-density ofAmara aenea(DeGeer) andHarpalus pensylvanicus(DeGeer) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) was monitored in an experiment that compared five management treatments representing a range of disturbance frequencies, crops, and aboveground biomass production. In 2004 and 2005, three treatments comprised of multiple summer cover crops were compared to bare fallow and soybean, the latter of which used mechanical cultivation to manage weeds. In 2005 weed seed predation was assessed from June to September in two of the treatments (bare fallow and oat–pea/rye–hairy vetch). Beetle activity-density varied with treatment, time of sampling, and year. In 2004 peak activity-density ofA. aeneawas highest in the mustard/buckwheat/canola, but there was no difference inH. pensylvanicusactivity-density. In 2005 activity-density ofH. pensylvanicuswas higher in oat–pea/rye–hairy vetch than in soybean treatment. Seed predation rates were relatively consistent across treatments, averaging between 38 and 63%. In fallow and oat–pea/rye–hairy vetch,H. pensylvanicusactivity-density accounted for 29 and 33% of the variation in seed predation, respectively. Our findings suggest cover crops have a positive effect on the activity-density ofA. aeneaandH. pensylvanicusand that disturbance negatively influences their activity-density in the absence of cover crops.

Laboratory study of larval food requirements in nine species of Amara (Coleoptera: Cara-bidae)

Food requirements of the larvae of nine closely related species of the genus Amara (Coleoptera: Carabidae) were studied in the laboratory. Mealworms, a mixed diet of mealworms and oat flakes, and seeds of Capsella bursa-pastoris and Stellaria media were offered as food. Survival and developmental rate were monitored daily from the 1st larval instar. Amara aenea is omnivorous while A. similata and A. familiaris are granivorous in the larval stage. Larvae of A. familiaris appeared to be specialist feeders of seeds of Stellaria media. The larvae of all three species are probably important predators of weed seeds. Food specialization of the other species remained uncertain. The origin of granivory in the genus Amara is discussed. It is considered to be an apomorphic character of some species.

THE GREEN APPLE APHID, APHIS POMI DEGEER (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), AS PREY OF POLYPHAGOUS ARTHROPOD PREDATORS IN ONTARIO

In Ontario several species of polyphagous arthropods consumed nymphs and apterous adults of the green apple aphid, Aphis pomi DeGeer, as determined by serological assays and feeding trials. The most abundant predators on apple tree foliage were the reduviid Acholla multispinosa L., the mirid Campylomma verbasci (Meyer), the coccinellids Coccinella septempunctata L. and Adalia bipunctata L., and coccinellid and chrysopid larvae. An efficacy index developed to assess the effectiveness of foliage-inhabiting predators indicated that those with the greatest potential were Chrysopa larvae and adult C. septempunctata in 1987, and adult C. septempunctata and C. verbasci in 1988. The earwig, Forficula auricularia L., showed potential as a predator of A. pomi in 1989. Of the epigeal arthropods tested, the carabids Amara aenea DeGeer, Bembidion quadrimaculatum oppositum L., and Harpalus aeneus F., and the ants Formica fusca group, Myrmica ameryana Forel, and M. monticola Wheeler were the most active feeders on A. pomi.

GROUND BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) AS PREDATORS OF THE CODLING MOTH, CYDIA POMONELLA (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

Pterostichus melanarius Ill. was the predominant ground beetle recovered in pitfall traps in three blocks of apple trees at Jordan Station, Ont. In one block, C, the number of mature fifth-instar larvae of Cydia pomonella (L.) seeking overwintering sites was related significantly (r2 = 0.5476, P < 0.05) to the number of P. melanarius caught, but was not related significantly (r2 = 0.1181, P > 0.10) to the proportion of beetles that were serologically positive. The proportion of larvae pupating also was not related significantly (r2 = 0.2014, P > 0.10) to the number of P. melanarius. The total number of all predators caught was related significantly (r2 = 0.4490, P < 0.05) to the number of larvae present, but the proportion of larvae that pupated was not related significantly (r2 = 0.3606, P > 0.05) to the total number of predators.In block A, in 1983–1985, the number of mature larvae of C. pomonella seeking overwintering sites was not related significantly (r2 = 0.3763, 0.3619, and 0.5042, P > 0.05, respectively) to the number of P. melanarius taken in pitfall traps. In both blocks A and B, the number of serologically positive beetles was not related significantly (r2 = 0.3824 and 0.7921, P > 0.10, respectively) to the number of larvae seeking overwintering sites.Amara aenea DeG., Anisodactylus sanctaecrucis F., Bembidion quadrimaculatum oppositum Say, Clivinia impressifrons LeC., Diplochaeila impressicolis (Dej.), Harpalus aeneus F., and Pterostichus chalcites Say also gave positive serological reactions to the antiserum against C. pomonella.The occurrence of other species of Lepidoptera did not affect significantly the results obtained for C. pomonella.