Erythemal UV Dose and UV Index Measurement at 37th North Latitude and Its Possible Effects on Humans

In this study, UV irradiance and UV erythemal and UV index data of May, June, July and August measured in Adana (longitute=36 E, latitute=37 N altitute=140m) between 2013 and 2019 were analyzed. As a result of the analysis, the average of four months was 14.16 MED (2.9736 J/m2) and the highest value of these four months was calculated as 15.6 MED (3.276 J/m2) in July. The percentage frequency of the total daily UV dose was also calculated and it was determined that the region was under the effect of 70-80% high UV dose. In addition, it was calculated to have a high UV index according to local time (10.00-14.00). It was concluded that this situation poses a great risk for workers working in agricultural areas in the region and for people who spend their summer holidays by the sea. UV Dose-Ozone, UV Dose-temperature, UV Dose-humidity and Ozone-temperature correlations were also calculated. As a result of the comparison, it was found that there was an R= -0.64 correlation between UV-ozone, an R= -1.00 correlation between temperature and ozone, and a direct correlation of R= 0.60 between UV radiation and temperature.

Temporal variation of wind speed and wind direction and interrelationship between air temperature and wind speed for different climatic seasons Northern State, Sudan

The research aims to study the temporal variability of wind speed and direction and their correlation with air temperature in different climatic seasons in Northern State, to produce broad data base on winds variability and interrelationship between air temperature and wind speed for different climatic seasons. Mean monthly and daily climatic data dating back to 2001(first season) and 2011(second season) were obtained from Karima meteorological station representing three different climatic seasons namely: April for summer, August for autumn and December for winter. Data were subjected to simple regression analysis, statistical analysis and computations were done by “Excel 2000”. The results showed that the wind speed varied widely during each month and day even within the same climatic season. In two seasons, the diurnal variation for different climatic seasons Apr., Aug. and Dec. was much lower than the monthly; due to the higher monthly variability of wind speed. The results also revealed that the prevailing direction of winds was generally northwards. The results of April in the first season are presented as an example; the mean daily wind speed (Va) ranged from 0.6 to 17m/s, with a mean of 7.2m/s, a STD of 4.3 and a CV of 60%. The daily mean data ranged from 5.4 (3hrs) to 8.2 (24hrs), with a mean of 7.2m/s, a STD of 1.1 and a CV of 15.3%.The prevailing wind direction decreases in the following order: N>NE=NNE>NNW. The monthly variability of the air temperature in the two seasons decreased in the following order: winter> summer> autumn. Significant, inversely proportional and cubic wind speed-temperature correlations in the two seasons for Aug. and Dec. were (P<0.05, r=0.362); (P<0.01, r= 0.488); (P<0.001, R=585) and (P<0.001, r= 0.679), respectively.

Validation of Thermal Models for Polycrystalline Photovoltaic Module Under Derna City Climate Conditions

The main objective of the present paper is to compare nine different cell temperature models available in the literature with data measured under real Derna city climatic conditions (a semi arid climate) for month of August. The study focuses on a comparison of nine theoretical models to calculate the cell temperature based on the experimental measurements such as the ambient temperature, irradiance, and wind speed in some of the models. The presently used models are explicit, depending on the easily measurable parameters and of wide applicability. Six statistical quantitative indicators are used to evaluate the cell temperature models analysed, namely, R2, RMSE, RRMSE, MAE, MBE and MARE. The cell temperature correlations presently studied, first order linear models depending on the ambient temperature, solar irradiation incident on the panel and voltage output, provide the most accurate cell temperature estimations at Derna city climatic conditions.

PSI-9 Effect of Pen-Surface Temperature and Trace Mineral Source on Infrared Hide Temperature in Cattle Raised in Confinement Under a Natural-Feeding Protocol in Summer

Thirty-two pens housing between 249–282 beef cattle each were blocked by arrival date and sex and used to investigate effects of pen-surface temperature, trace mineral source and sex on hide temperature. A randomized complete block design was used with 2 treatments: 1) Control, with inorganic sources for all trace minerals of interest; and 2) Test, with ProPath (Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN) used to provide additional AA complexes of Zn and Mn, complexed Co, and ruminally-protected folic acid to basal control diet. Cattle were fed to meet requirements of JBS “Aspen Ridge” and observed twice monthly from June–September. Three observations per observation day were made at these times: 1) 0700–1000; 2) 1015–1315; 3) 1430–1700 (all times ± 30 min). Hide temperatures were observed caudal to glenohumeral joints of 10 black-hided and, when available, 10 non-black-hided animals per pen. Within each pen, surface temperatures were observed at 3 locations on the cement bunk apron and 7 locations on the dirt surface. Temperatures were observed using a Fluke VT04 visual infrared thermometer. Temperatures were greater on black-hided cattle than non-black-hided cattle (P &lt; 0.0001) and on steers than heifers (P &lt; 0.0001). Temperatures on Test cattle were greater (P = 0.0008) than temperatures on Control cattle, but this effect was small (0.251o C) and inconsistent across observation days (treatment within date interaction: P &lt; 0.0001). Pen-surface temperatures were greater in Time 2 than Time 1 (P &lt; 0.0001), but not different between Time 2 and Time 3 (P = 0.37). Hide temperatures on all cattle were correlated with pen-surface temperature (R2 = 0.43). Trace mineral source had a small but statistically significant effect on hide temperature. Correlations between hide temperature and visible signs of heat stress are unclear and warrant further observation.

Velocity–temperature correlations in high-temperature supersonic turbulent channel flows for two gas models

Velocity–temperature correlations in a high-temperature supersonic turbulent channel flows, including thermally perfect gas (TPG) and calorically perfect gas (CPG), are investigated based on the direct numerical simulation database [Chen et al., J. Turbul. 19 (2018) 365] to study the gas model effects. The results show that in fully developed turbulent channel flow, the Reynolds analogy factor remains close to 1.2 for both gas models. The “recovery enthalpy” is better than Walz’s equation to connect the mean stream-wise velocity with mean static temperature because it is independent with gas models. The modified strong Reynolds analogy for TPG is more accurate scaling than that for CPG, and the turbulent Prandtl number is insensitive to gas models. In addition, the influence of gas model on the probability density functions of stream-wise velocity and static temperature concentrate on the corresponding right tails.