A Comparative Study of Modern Theatrical Technicalities in The Glass Menagerie and The Cherry Orchard

The nineteenth Century produced some of the most complex plays that today represent modern theatrical technicalities that differed in several ways from twentieth Century plays. In the twentieth Century, Tennessee Williams was acknowledged for the diversity of genres he covered in his plays, most of which focused on the dark aspects of human experience, which lent significant technicalities to his plays, most notably, The Glass Menagerie. Similarly, Anton Chekhov is a nineteenth Century playwright who developed plays that introduced several theatrical technicalities. He was renowned for portraying realism, a feature that characterised 19th Century theatre. Chekhov’s The Cherry Orchard is a play considered the landmark of modern theatrical technicalities. This study explores three ways in which Williams and Chekhov made The Glass Menagerie and Cherry Orchard respectively as landmarks of theatrical technicalities, i.e., the multiplicity of genres, effective use of indirect action and irony as theatrical conventions, and the integration and portrayal of nineteenth Century and twentieth Century realism. The research finds that while Williams employs a multiplicity of genres and the use of irony as the ideal theatrical conventions, Chekhov integrates all three elements to create modern theatrical technicalities that not only influence the audience's perception of the characters but also the playwright’s intention. This study is important for both undergraduate and postgraduate readers as it can enrich a reader’s thinking about different theatrical techniques and conventions used in both plays.

10. Judicial Powers I

This chapter highlights the ‘centralized’ powers of the Court of Justice of the European Union. It begins with an analysis of the Court's annulment power. The power of judicial review is the founding pillar of a Union ‘based on the rule of law’. The chapter then moves to the remedial power of the European Court, and the question of when the Union legislative or executive branches will be liable to pay damages for an illegal action. It also investigates the Court's power to adjudicate disputes between parties. In addition to a number of direct actions (direct actions start directly in the European Court), the EU Treaties also envisage an indirect action starting in the national courts: the preliminary reference procedure. This procedure is the central pillar of the Union's cooperative federalism for it combines the central interpretation of Union law by the Court of Justice with the decentralized application of European law by the national courts.

10. Judicial Powers I

This chapter highlights the ‘centralized’ powers of the Court of Justice of the European Union. It begins with an analysis of the Court’s annulment power. The power of judicial review is the founding pillar of a Union ‘based on the rule of law’. The chapter then moves to the remedial power of the European Court, and the question of when the Union legislative or executive branches will be liable to pay damages for an illegal action. It also investigates the Court’s power to adjudicate disputes between parties. In addition to a number of direct actions (direct actions start directly in the European Court), the EU Treaties also envisage an indirect action starting in the national courts: the preliminary reference procedure. This procedure is the central pillar of the Union’s cooperative federalism for it combines the central interpretation of Union law by the Court of Justice with the decentralized application of European law by the national courts.

Diet in Rheumatoid Arthritis versus Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Any Differences?

In recent years, an increasing interest in the influence of diet in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) led to the publication of several articles exploring the role of food/nutrients in both the risk of developing these conditions in normal subjects and the natural history of the disease in patients with established RMDs. Diet may be a possible facilitator of RMDs due to both the direct pro-inflammatory properties of some nutrients and the indirect action on insulin resistance, obesity and associated co-morbidities. A consistent body of research has been conducted in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), while studies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are scarce and have been conducted mainly on experimental models of the disease. This review article aims to outline similarities and differences between RA and SLE based on the existing literature.

Association of Viral Infections With Oral Cavity Lesions: Role of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Different viral agents, such as herpesviruses, human papillomavirus, and Coxsackie virus, are responsible for primary oral lesions, while other viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus, affect the oral cavity due to immune system weakness. Interestingly, it has been reported that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients can show cutaneous manifestations, including the oral cavity. However, the association between oral injuries and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is still unclear. This narrative review aimed to summarize the available literature and provide an overview of oral lesions associated with COVID-19. An online literature search was conducted to select relevant studies published up to November 2020. The results of 17 studies showed variability in oral lesions associated with COVID-19, including ulcerations, aphthous-like lesions, and macules. The tongue, lips, and palate were the most frequent anatomical locations. According to current knowledge, the etiopathogenesis of multiple COVID-19-associated lesions seems to be multifactorial. The appearance of such lesions could be related to the direct or indirect action of SARS-CoV-2 over the oral mucosa cells, coinfections, immunity impairment, and adverse drug reactions. Nevertheless, COVID-19-associated oral lesions may be underreported, mainly due to lockdown periods and the lack of mandatory dispositive protection. Consequently, further research is necessary to determine the diagnostic and pathological significance of oral manifestations of COVID-19. All medical doctors, dentists, and dermatologists are encouraged to perform an accurate and thorough oral examination of all suspected and confirmed COVID-19 cases to recognize the disease's possible early manifestations.

Institutionalization of Public Administration in the Field of Budget Security: Subjective Renewal

The article aims at forming a general vision of the institutionalization of public administration in the field of budget security and summing up the latest trends in the sphere. Systematic, integral, complex and logical approaches are used in the research. It is suggested to understand the institutionalization of public budget security management as the process of identifying relevant institutions, formalizing and systematizing fundamental provisions (object, purpose, principles, functions, tasks, forms, and norms), their connections and communications within public budget security management in particular and in general, as a whole or in the context of a particular focal request. Regulatory institutions of direct and indirect action as for budget security are identified in accordance with the legislation of Ukraine, namely: the Ministry of Finance and the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine are institutions of direct action; the Ministry of Economy, the Accounting Chamber, the State Audit Service of Ukraine, the State Customs Service of Ukraine, the State Treasury Service of Ukraine, and the State Financial Monitoring Service are institutions of indirect action. A general institutional activity model for the Bureau of Economic Security of Ukraine is designed on the basis of the elaboration of legislative documents. The analysis made of its provisions provides grounds for formulating a proposal to clarify the Law of Ukraine "On the Bureau of Economic Security in Ukraine" by introducing a new section III "Lines of Activity of the Bureau of Economic Security of Ukraine" with a specific structure; provisions of budget security are presented in three draft articles of the law, enumerating the objects of regard for the Bureau of Economic Security and the grounds for starting activity and communication. Prospects for further research are seen in continuing to detail the institutional provisions for all the declared regulatory institutions, while identifying vulnerabilities for each of them with regard to the object of the research, i.e., public budget security management, and in suggesting recommendations for their solution.

Scaling parameter of the lethal effect of mammalian cells based on radiation-induced OH radicals: effectiveness of direct action in radiation therapy

ABSTRACT We have been studying the effectiveness of direct action, which induces clustered DNA damage leading to cell killing, relative to indirect action. Here a new criterion Direct Ation-Based Biological Effectiveness (DABBLE) is proposed to understand the contribution of direct action for cell killing induced by C ions. DABBLE is defined as the ratio of direct action to indirect action. To derive this ratio, we describe survival curves of mammalian cells as a function of the number of OH radicals produced 1 ps and 100 ns after irradiation, instead of the absorbed dose. By comparing values on the vertical axis of the survival curves at a certain number of OH radicals produced, we successfully discriminate the contribution of direct action induced by C ions from that of indirect action. DABBLE increases monotonically with increasing linear energy transfer (LET) up to 140 keV/μm and then drops, when the survival curves are described by the number of OH radicals 1 ps after irradiation. The trend of DABBLE is in agreement with that of relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of indirect action. In comparison, the value of DABBLE increases monotonically with LET, when the survival curves are described by the number of OH radicals 100 ns after irradiation. This finding implies that the effectiveness of C ion therapy for cancer depends on the contribution of direct action and we can follow the contribution of direct action over time in the chemical phase.