The Sexual Effect of Chicken Embryos on the Yolk Metabolites and Liver Lipid Metabolism

The metabolic processes of animals are usually affected by sex. Egg yolk is the major nutrient utilized for the growth and development of a chicken embryo. In this study, we explored the differences of yolk metabolites in male and female chicken embryos by LC–MS/MS. Furthermore, we investigated the mRNA expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in chicken embryo liver with different sexes in different embryonic stages. The results showed that the nutrient metabolites in the yolk of female chickens were mainly related to lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism in the early embryonic stage, and vitamin metabolism in the late embryonic stage. The male yolk metabolites were mainly associated with lipid metabolism and nucleic acid metabolism in the early developmental stage, and amino acids metabolism in the late embryonic stage. There was no significant difference in the expression of LPL or FAS in livers of male and female chicken embryos at different embryonic stages. Our results may lead to a better understanding of the sexual effect on yolk nutrient metabolism during chicken embryonic development.

Measurement of Several Bodies Parts of Super Kampong Chicken Reared Intensively

The study was designed to determine the size of some body parts of the Super Kampong chicken and its relationship with body weight. The study was conducted at the Teaching Farm of Animal Science Faculty, University of Mataram, in Lingsar Village, West Lombok. The study used 60 male and 96 female Super Kampong chickens which were maintained intensively. The variables observed were body weight, head circumference, neck length, wing length, back length, chest circumference, chest width, upper and lower thigh length, metatarsus length, metatarsus circumference, and third finger length. Measurements were made for each individual bird at 13 weeks of age using yarn then measured with a tape measure, while the dimension of chest width was assigned by measuring the distance between the right and right sides of the chest using calipers. The results found that the body parts that had the biggest contribution to the body weight of the Super Kampong chickens at 13 weeks old were the size of the lower thigh length in the male chicken and the size of the chest circumference in the female chicken.

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Sperma Terhadap Daya Tetas dan Bobot Tetas DOC Ayam KAMARAS

Abstrak. Turunan hasil persilangan antara ayam lokal, ayam ras petelur dan ayam arab dihasilkan Ayam KAMARAS (Kampung - Arab – Ras). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi sperma terhadap fertilitas, daya tetas, bobot tetas DOC ayam KAMARAS dan Sex rasio. Konsentrasi sperma ini berguna untuk mengetahui perbandingan jantan dan betina yang paling efisien dalam suatu pemeliharaan. Sperma ditampung dan dicampur dari 3 ekor ayam KAMARAS jantan yang berumur sekitar 7 bulan. Sperma yang telah diketahui konsentrasinya kemudian dibagi menjadi 4 bagian dan masing-masing diencerkan dengan NaCl fisiologis sehingga diperoleh konsentrasi akhir yaitu 25x106/0,5 ml (dosis 1); 50x106/0,5 ml (dosis 2); dan 75x106/0,5 ml (dosis 3) dan 100x106/0,5 ml (dosis 4). 24 ekor ayam KAMARAS betina diinseminasi untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi sperma terhadap daya tetas dan bobot tetas ayam KAMARAS. Ayam betina yang digunakan adalah ayam KAMARAS yang berumur sekitar 7 bulan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan konsentrasi sperma tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap fertilitas telur namun disetiap perlakuan terdapat hasil yang berbeda-beda pada perlakuan P0: 25x106/0,5 ml tingkat fertilitas (100 %), P1: 50x106/0,5 ml (100%), P2: 75x106/0,5 ml dan pada perlakuan P3 terendah 83,33% diantara 4 perlakuan konsentrasi sperma yang terbaik untuk menghasilkan fertilitas yang tinggi yaitu konsentrasi 50x106/0,5 ml. Pengaruh konsentrasi sperma terhadap daya tetas tidak berpengaruh nyata namun disetiap perlakuan terdapat hasil yang berbeda-beda pada perlakuan P0: 25x106/0,5 ml tingkat fertilitas (100 %), P1: 50x106/0,5 ml (100%), P2 75x106/0,5 ml (100%) dan pada perlakuan P3 terendah (83,33%) dari setiap perlakuan konsentrasi sperma yang dapat meningkatkan daya tetas telur adalah pada konsentrasi 50x106/0,5 ml dengan tingkat daya tetas (100%). Pengaruh konsentrasi sperma terhadap bobot tetas DOC KAMARAS berpengaruh nyata terhadap bobot tetas DOC pada setiap perlakuan P0 25x106/0,5 (31,1 g/butir), P1: 50x106/0,5 ml (33 g/butir), P2: 75x106/0,5 ml (32,1 g/butir) dan pada perlakuan P3 100x106/0,5 ml bobot tetas DOC sebesar (33,3 g/butir), pengaruh konsentrasi sperma terhadap sex rasio didapat hasil pada perlakuan 50x106/0,5 ml-75x106/0,5 ml menghasilkan sex rasio DOC betina lebih dominan (66,6-75%).Effect of Sperm Concentration on Hatching Power and Hatching Weight of DAM Chicken KAMARASAbstract. Derivative results of crosses between local chickens, laying chicken and arab chicken produced Chicken KAMARAS (Kampung - Arab - Ras). This study aims to determine the effect of sperm concentration on fertility, hatchability, weight of DOC chicken KAMARAS and Sex ratio. This sperm concentration is useful for knowing the most efficient male and female ratio in a maintenance. Sperm was collected and mixed from 3 chickens KAMARAS male about 7 months old. The known sperm concentration is then divided into 4 parts and each diluted with physiological NaCl to obtain the final concentration of 25x106 / 0.5 ml (dose 1); 50x106 / 0.5 ml (dose 2); and 75x106 / 0.5 ml (dose 3) and 100x106 / 0,5 ml (dose 4). 24 chickens KAMARAS females inseminated to determine the effect of sperm concentration on hatchability and weight of hens chicken KAMARAS. The female chicken used is KAMARAS chicken which is about 7 months old.The results showed that sperm concentration treatment did not have significant effect on egg fertility but in each treatment there were different results on treatment of P0: 25x106 / 0,5 ml fertility rate (100%), P1: 50x106 / 0,5 ml (100% ), P2: 75x106 / 0.5 ml and at the lowest P3 treatment 83.33% among the 4 best sperm concentration treatment to produce high fertility ie concentration 50x106 / 0,5 ml. The effect of sperm concentration on hatchability was not significant but in each treatment there were different results on treatment of P0: 25x106 / 0,5 ml fertility rate (100%), P1: 50x106 / 0,5 ml (100%), P2 75x106 / 0.5 ml (100%) and at the lowest P3 treatment (83.33%) of each treatment of sperm concentration which can increase the hatchability of eggs at concentration 50x106 / 0,5 ml with hatchability level (100%). The influence of sperm concentration on DOC KAMARAS hatching weight significantly influenced the weight of DOC in each treatment P0 25x106 / 0,5 (31,1 g / grain), P1: 50x106 / 0,5 ml (33 g / grain), P2: 75x106 / 0,5 ml (32,1 g / grain) and at treatment of P3 100x106/ 0,5 ml of DOC hight weight (33,3 g / grain), influence of sperm concentration to sex ratio obtained result at treatment 50x106 / 0, 5 ml-75x106 / 0.5 ml result in sex ratio of female DOC is more dominant (66,6-75%).

11. EFEK PENAMBAHAN AMPAS KEDELAI YANG DIFERMENTASI DENGAN Aspergillus niger DALAM RANSUM TERHADAP HISTOMORFOMETRI VILI USUS HALUS AYAM KAMPUNG (Gallus domesticus) The Effect of Aspergillus niger-Fermented Soybean Residue Supplementation in Ration the Histomophometry of Local Chicken (Gallus domesticus) Small Intestine

The aim of this research was to find out the effect of Aspergillus niger-fermented soybean residue in ration on the histomorphometry of the small intestine villi of local chickens (Gallus domesticus).This study used a completely randomized design. Nine female chicken aged 15-16 months were divided into three groups. Each group consisted of three chikens. All chicken were given 324-2 ration and water ad libitum. Group P1 (control group) was given 100 g ration each day, group P2 was given a combination of 85 g ration and 10 g unfermented soybean residue everyday whereas group P3 was given 85 g ration and 10 g Aspergillus niger-fermented soybean residue everyday. Treatment was performed for 30 days. On day 31, chickens were slaughtered and subsequently three parts of the small intestine that consists of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were collected and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formaline (NBF) solution for histological preparation. To measure the surface area of three regions of intestine, all histological sections were stained with Masson’s trichrome Goldner's modification. Based on the statistical analysis, there was no difference in height of villi among three parts of small intestine (P0.05), but there were statistical different (P0,05) in ileum basal and duodenum apical width of three groups after supplementation with fermented soybean residue and non-fermented. Based on the results of this experiment, it could be conluded that supplementation non-fermentation and the fermentation of soybean residue with A. niger has no impact on the height of vili ileum, but it increase the width of vili ileum and apical vili duedenum intestin of local chickens. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Key words: chicken, soybean residue, fermentation, small intestine

Mating induces the expression of immune- and pH-regulatory genes in the utero-vaginal junction containing mucosal sperm-storage tubuli of hens

The female chicken, as with other species with internal fertilization, can tolerate the presence of spermatozoa within specialized sperm-storage tubuli (SST) located in the mucosa of the utero-vaginal junction (UVJ) for days or weeks, without eliciting an immune response. To determine if the oviduct alters its gene expression in response to sperm entry, segments from the oviduct (UVJ, uterus, isthmus, magnum and infundibulum) of mated and unmated (control) hens, derived from an advanced inter-cross line between Red Junglefowl and White Leghorn, were explored 24 h after mating using cDNA microarray analysis. Mating shifted the expression of fifteen genes in the UVJ (53.33% immune-modulatory and 20.00% pH-regulatory) and seven genes in the uterus, none of the genes in the latter segment overlapping the former (with the differentially expressed genes themselves being less related to immune-modulatory function). The other oviductal segments did not show any significant changes. These findings suggest sperm deposition causes a shift in expression in the UVJ (containing mucosal SST) and the uterus for genes involved in immune-modulatory and pH-regulatory functions, both relevant for sperm survival in the hen's oviduct.