Chromosomes Behavior at Meiosis in Chlorophytum stenopetalum Bak at Pachytene, Diakinesis and Diplotene

Meiotic prophase is classically subdivided into five stages: leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the behaviours of Chromosomes in Chlorophytum stenopetalum Bak.at pachytene /diakinesis and metaphase. The flower buds at right age were harvested, fixed in Cornoy’s solution (3 part of absolute alcohol and 1 part of acetic alcohol) and preserved in a refrigerator at -4°𝐶 for at least thirty minutes. The flower buds were then hydrolyzed in 10% HCl for 3-5 minutes. Prepared slides were viewed using an Armscope microscope equipped with digital automatic camera. At diakinesis seven bivalents (7 II) were predominantly observed (74.2%). Chromosomal stickiness is quite evidence. In addition, cross configuration and its resultant, ring formation at metaphase indicate the presence of translocation heterozgosity in the chromosomes of the species investigated. These abnormalities are likely to affect microsporogenesis and pollen viability.

Meiotic Chromosomes Behavious in Chlorophytum stenopetalum Bak

Chromosomes behavior at meiosis in Chlorophytum stenopetalum Bak. was investigated especially at pachytene /diakinesis and metaphase. The 􀏐lower buds at right age were harvested, 􀏐ixed in Cornoy’s solution (3 part of absolute alcohol and 1 part of acetic alcohol) and preserved in a refrigerator at -4 for at least thirty minutes. The 􀏐lower buds were then hydrolyzed in 10% HCl for 3-5 minutes. Prepared slides were viewed using an Armscope microscope equipped with digital automatic camera. At diakinesis seven bivalents (7 II) were predominantly observed (74.2%). Chromosomal stickiness is quite evidence. In addition, cross con􀏐iguration and its resultant, ring formation at metaphase indicate the presence of translocation heterozgosity in the chromosomes of the species investigated. These abnormalities are likely to affect microsporogenesis and pollen viability.

Calvatia pyriformis : A New Record in Indonesia

Calvatia has the unique form as puffball mushroom. Currently, it is classified in Basidiomycota and Lycoperdaceae. This research aimed to characterize the Calvatia species based on morphological data. Fruiting body of Calvatia was found on the grass with single colony as saprobic mushroom. Fruiting body of Calvatia was collected, observed, and preserved using Formalin Acetic Alcohol (FAA).T he spores are produced internally in a gasterothecium. It is looked like pear-shaped or puffball-shaped, yellow to brownish outside and inside, the granular outer surface, thin layer of exoperidium, and soft texture of fruiting body. Basidiospore is finely globose to ovoid and free of ornament. The capillitium was swollen and septate. The specimen is identified as Calvatia pyriformis.Abstrak:Calvatia memiliki bentuk unik sebagai jamurbola. Saatini, Calvatia di klasifikasikan ke dalam Basidiomycota dan Lycoperdaceae. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi spesies Calvatia berdasarkan data morfologi. Tubuh buah Calvatia tumbuh di rumput secara soliter sebagai jamur sparob. Tubuh buah jamur dikoleksi, diobservasi, dan dipreservasi dengan menggunakan Formalin Acetic Alcohol (FAA). Spora-spora diproduksi secara internal di dalam sebuah gasterothecium. Spesimen ini berbentuk seperti pir atau bola permukaan dan bagian dalamnya berwarna kuning kecoklatan, terdapat alur granular pada permukaannya, lapisan exoperidium tipis, dan teksturnya lembut. Basidiospora berbentuk globose sampai seperti ovoid dan tidak ada ornamentasi. Hifa kapillituim berbentuk membengkak dan ada sekat. Spesimen ini diidentifikasi sebagai Calvatia pyriformis.

Rapid Chromosome Preparations from Solid Tissues of Fishes

A technique is described for obtaining well-spread metaphases from solid tissues of fishes without the use of methodologies that rely on tissue grinders, centrifuges, digestive enzymes, or tissue culture. This procedure involves the formation of a cell suspension from acetic alcohol fixed tissues using 50% acetic acid. The suspension is applied to a warm (50 °C) slide using a micropipette.Solid tissue preparations may be stained by any of the conventional dyes or treated to reveal Q-bands, C-bands, and nucleolar organizers. Large numbers of slides offish chromosomes can be made easily and rapidly using this procedure.

FLUORESCENT IDENTIFICATION OF Y AND X CHROMATIN BODIES IN HUMAN TISSUES

Quinacrine mustard interphase fluorescence may be exploited to study Y and X chromosomal ploidy of many human tissues. Acetic alcohol-fixed cryostat tissue sections are superior, but formalin-fixed sections may also be used after the formalin is removed by vigorous washing in water. The percentage of cells of presumptively euploid female tissues which exhibit Y-like bodies is low, with means of less than l0% of all tissues except brain. In contrast, the mean percentages for euploid male tissues range between 50 and 63% (except for heart) and 30 and 40% when fixed in acetic alcohol and formalin, respectively. The differences between male and female tissues with either method of fixation were statistically significant. Nuclei with two fluorescent bodies were rare. The Barr body could also be recognized in all female tissues, and its presence could be quantitated in nuclei of skeletal and smooth muscle. This method permits the prospective and retrospective assessment of sex chromosomal ploidy, and the correlation of localized tissue karyotype with tissue function in individuals mosaic for aneuploidy of the Y.

The Staining of Nervous Elements by the Bodian Method I. the Influence of Factors Preceding Impregnation

The stainability of neural elements is determined during the various stages of tissue preparation which precede impregnation. The hypothesis (Romanes, 1950) that variations in the physiological state of the neurones at the time of fixation might influence the stain was examined. Feeding and anaesthesia did not influence the staining of gastric nerve fibres under the conditions of the experiments. A study was made of fixing fluids for Bodian staining. A picric-acetic-alcohol mixture and alcoholic Bouin were convenient and effective, each being superior to formaldehyde-acetic-alcohol. For overnight fixation formaldehyde solution neutralized with calcium carbonate was satisfactory, but where prolonged fixation is permissible formaldehyde neutralized with excess of magnesium carbonate gave superior results. Attention was drawn to the probability that the final stain could be improved by ‘pretreatment’ of mounted sections before silvering. Dewaxed sections were treated individually with 27 substances from a variety of chemical groups to determine the effects on subsequent Bodian staining. Nitric and sulphuric acids, formaldehyde solution neutralized with magnesium carbonate, methyl alcohol, and perhaps sodium carbonate contribute in different ways towards better preparations. In particular pretreatment with nitric acid suppresses the background stain, especially in smooth muscle; sulphuric acid increases the number of fine nerve fibres displayed, and methyl alcohol facilitates the staining (in formaldehyde-fixed tissues) of nerve fibres that are otherwise difficult to demonstrate, such as those in the renal cortex, which are almost certainly post-ganglionic sympathetic fibres.