An Exploration of Ethnic Dynamics in Nepal

This article explores manifold dynamics of demographic presence in Nepal. The polities at large are distinct in terms of culture, class and caste. The study focuses on ethnic differences in the context of the recent political development of Nepal. Demographic changes have profound effects on the society, economy, and people of a political institution. Nepal is a multi-ethnic country with a history of ethnic discrimination over the centuries because of racial differences imbibed in political and social affairs of the Nepalese. Demographic changes in Nepal have occurred under unique circumstances within a both a historical context and a contemporary and comparative perspective against other countries have encountered. The article encompasses the factors such as cultural harmony, integrity, and equity to analyze cultural differences and racial realities in the scenario of the postmodern era. The paper unfolds the pages of underrepresentation of the marginalized communities and overrepresentation of Indo-Aryan groups and Newar in the polity.

Foreign Labour Migration and Governance in Nepal

This paper examines the history and current situation of international foreign labour migration in Nepal. The volume of foreign labour migration in Nepal is in increasing trend. This paper highlights the volumes of absentee population including countries of destinations of labour migrants. The objective of paper is to discuss historical and current aspects of foreign labour migration including governance of labour migration in Nepal. The paper is developed with the help of secondary sources of information and discussed only in Nepalese context in relation with the bilateral, regional and global context. Some major push and pull factors related to foreign labour migration including frequently changing governance acts, policies are also discussed. To govern international foreign labour migration provisions on national, bi-lateral, regional and international level with Nepal’s position are highlighted. The lack of stable and foreign labour friendly migration policies are being unable to address problems of Nepalese migrants properly.

Theorizing Probability Distribution in Applied Statistics

This paper investigates into theoretical knowledge on probability distribution and the application of binomial, poisson and normal distribution. Binomial distribution is widely used discrete random variable when the trails are repeated under identical condition for fixed number of times and when there are only two possible outcomes whereas poisson distribution is for discrete random variable for which the probability of occurrence of an event is small and the total number of possible cases is very large and normal distribution is limiting form of binomial distribution and used when the number of cases is infinitely large and probabilities of success and failure is almost equal.

Role of Value Added Tax in Total Tax Revenue: An Empirical Study of Nepal

This paper examines the role of Value Added Tax (VAT) in total tax of Nepal. Tax is the main sources of government revenue. There are different kinds of tax systems used in the world. The concept of VAT had been introduced in 1919 A D from Germany as a new concept of indirect tax system of the world. VAT system have introduced from 1995 A D in Nepal. The specific objectives are to analyse the trend of VAT and to examine the correlation between VAT with total revenue and total tax revenue in Nepal. This study is based on secondary data, which are incorporated from the Ministry of Finance and other related government as well as non-government organizations. Both analytical and descriptive statistics are applied as methods in this study. At the process of data analysis some statistical tools like regression, correlation, etc. are used. The study shows that VAT has significant percentage in total revenue and total tax revenue in Nepal. There are more than 99 present variations due to VAT in total revenue, total tax revenue and indirect tax revenue. All these relationship are significant as r >6 PEr everywhere. Thus, VAT has significant contribution in government revenue of Nepal. But the system of VAT must be improved to increase its effectiveness through the government policy level and increase awareness tax payers about baling system of VAT.

Traditional Marriage Customs in Maharjan Community of Lalitpur District: An Ethnographic Exploration

The paper investigates how and why the traditional forms of marriage systems are sustained. This paper describes the marriage practices among Maharjan, and explains how it is anthropologically interesting. The main purpose of this research paper is to examine traditional marriage practices of the Maharjan people as well as the procedures from beginning to end of the marriage. Nepal is a multiethnic and multicultural country along with ecological variation and hidden ethno history. Most of them have their specific language, religion, cultural practices, food habits, festivals, rites and rituals. Among the 59 indigenous ethnic groups of Nepal, the Newars are one of them. Among the different groups of Newar, Maharjan is one sub-group. The present study is ardent to the Maharjan people of Ghachhe Tole of Patan in general and their practice of traditional marriage in particular. This study has been steered by retaining both exploratory cum descriptive research design using the qualitative data. The data of the present study is based on primary as well as secondary sources. In this exploration more detailed account of the traditional marriage practice and processes amongst the Maharjan people is presented in an intricate manner. The entire procedures of the Maharjan marriage, and their innumerable rites and rituals are explained clearly.

The Status of Foreign Labor Migration of Bardiya District in Nepal

This research paper attempts to describe the overseas migration of Bardiya District in Nepal. The main objective of this study is to examine the foreign labor migration from Nepal to Gulf countries including Malaysia. Among many other castes/ethnicities in Nepal, Tharu caste occupies the high percentage. The population of Tharu caste is 56,062 in the study area. Majority of the Tharu people are involved in agriculture sector as it is the traditional occupation. Moreover, this community holds less percentage of agriculture land in the study area. They are still farming the land with conservative and traditional methods and they are far from the modern technology of agriculture. Due to unemployment and insufficient agricultural land, most of the Tharu people migrate to Gulf countries. Selection for Gulf countries as destination by Tharu people in the study area is due to the low privilege households and lack of skill in this manpower. The Government of Nepal should guarantee/manage safer and better foreign labor migration especially in such type of caste/ethnicity.

International Labor Migration and Remittances in Nepal

International migration and remittance are major areas of population and development. This study identifies the trend and destination of foreign labor migration in Nepal and highlights the flow of remittance status and its contribution to the gross domestic product in Nepal. This study is based on the secondary data collected from the various national and international organizations. Migration from Nepal has expanded tremendously since the mid-1990s, accompanied by a continuous broadening of the variety of destinations. Nepal has observed a rapid increase of absent population over census periods. International migration for work has changed significantly as is evident in the growing outflow of temporary migration of youths, both men and women, to work in newly emerging economies like Malaysia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. Emigration has come to be recognized as an important factor both for changing ways of life of people and for the positive contribution to the nation’s economy. In terms of remittance inflows as percent of GDP, Nepal is the third largest remittance receiver in the world. Taking all these factors into consideration, the only problem with it is that; until now, the government only seems to have adopted policies to encourage youth to find employment opportunities and provide remittance in turn but not for them to invest in productive sector to create more jobs and to retain working age population within the country.

Trends in Age Structure and Ageing Population in Nepal

The study attempts to examine the trend in the age structure of population and elderly population and its geographic and demographic variation in respect to the fedral structured country based on the census data. The study found noticeable changes in the age structure of the population in the country. The share of children is shrinking with growing proportions of older population aged 60 and above throughout the Nation. More than half of population falls in the 15-59 years category that conforms Nepal population is primarily young, which is also known as the 'youth bulge' or 'demographic dividends' and will shift into the category of 60 and above in a few decades. Hence the Nepal's population is gradually ageing over the years. The proportion of children and old aged population was observed higher in Mountain (38% and 8.8%)), rural area (38% and 8.8%) and working age population was in hill region (58%) and in urban area (59%) along with province 3. According to the 2011 population census, the proportion of population aged 60 and above is 8.1 percent, majority of them are in their sixties (69%) and observed same in all regions of the country. As measured by sex ratio in both rural and urban area female outnumber male and also reported the expectation of life is higher for female then male in this age group of the country. Among the 77 districts Gorkha (12.75%) reported the highest, and Jajarkot (5.12%), reported the lowest proportion of their population being old.

Gender Mainstreaming: Policies at the National and International Level

This paper tries to highlight the existing gender mainstreaming policies and practices at national and international level, to establish a clear vision and make commitments to guide the process of gender mainstreaming and women empowerment to achieve the gender equality, justice and fundamental human rights. The advancement of the rule of law at the national and international levels is thus, essential for the protection of fundamental human rights and freedom. Nepal has an obligation to take an effective action against all such malpractices. Nepal has participated and ratified the gender policies in all Conventions and conferences. To fulfill this very obligation, it has introduced some legal provisions and made an attempt to implement them. Due to this region, Nepal has started to address the gender issues from sixth five year plan to till now. Planned efforts to improve the situation of women began during the Sixth Plan (1981- 1985) but its approach was welfare-driven. The Interim plan (2008-2011) focused the gender responsive budget and allocated the 33 percent reservation in every state structure. The constitution of Nepal 2015, article 11 (5) and (7) compromises the ability of women to independently confer citizenship to her child. Likewise, there are many domestic legal regimes existed here. The fifteenth periodic plan approach paper, 2020 emphasizes the gender equivalence in local level. Government policies are stated with high priorities for gender main streaming policies. The experience shows that ensuring the provisions of equal rights in the constitution is important, but at the same time, proper implementation of those provisions is equally important to balance the theoretical and practical gap of gender and development. The review follows the major discourses that influenced the gender mainstreaming agenda in the form of statements in women's movements, policy documents, laws, press materials, and experiential reflection and everyday narratives captured through existing research.

The Status of Family Planning Methods among Married Women of Kavre District in Nepal

This study examines the information of family planning methods among currently married women of reproductive age group at Kavre District of Nepal. The main objective of the study is to find out the actual situation of family planning methods and the specific objective of the study are to identify the demographic determinants of currently use of family planning methods and to assess the reason for usage and non-usage of family planning methods in the study area. Moreover, this study also attempts to find out the actual sources of information of contraceptive devices in the study area. The study usages 200 respondents from the three words of Ugratara VDC of the Kavre District of Nepal The main occupation of the respondents are agriculture and services. Among currently married women, 91 percent of the respondents are found to be familiaPr with at least one family planning method. Likewise, the major source of contraceptive devices of the respondents is found family planning clinics in the study area. The central purpose for using family planning methods is found for limiting the births. There are positive relationships between use of family planning methods and demographic variables.