Developing of Bluetooth mesh flooding between source-destination linking of nodes in wireless sensor networks

Bluetooth uses 2.4 GHz in ISM (industrial, scientific, and medical) band, which it shares with other wireless operating system technologies like ZigBee and WLAN. The Bluetooth core design comprises a low-energy version of a low-rate wireless personal area network and supports point-to-point or point-to-multipoint connections. The aim of the study is to develop a Bluetooth mesh flooding and to estimate packet delivery ratio in wireless sensor networks to model asynchronous transmissions including a visual representation of a mesh network, node-related statistics, and a packet delivery ratio (PDR). This work provides a platform for Bluetooth networking by analyzing the flooding of the network layers and configuring the architecture of a multi-node Bluetooth mesh. Five simulation scenarios have been presented to evaluate the network flooding performance. These scenarios have been performed over an area of 200×200 meters including 81 randomly distributed nodes including different Relay/End node configurations and source-destination linking between nodes. The results indicate that the proposed approach can create a pathway between the source node and destination node within a mesh network of randomly distributed End and Relay nodes using MATLAB environment. The results include probability calculation of getting a linking between two nodes based on Monte Carlo method, which was 88.7428 %, while the Average-hop-count linking between these nodes was 8. Based on the conducted survey, this is the first study to examine and demonstrate Bluetooth mesh flooding and estimate packet delivery ratio in wireless sensor networks

Design of a roll crusher for sunflower stems and substantiation of the rational modes of its operation

This paper reports a study of the technological process of grinding plant residues of sunflower and the causal relationships of factors that form the system of quality indicators. The necessary prerequisites for determining rational modes and parameters of the roll crusher have been devised. A prototype of the roll crusher was designed and fabricated, in which the cutting knives are arranged along the entire width of the grip in a staggered manner, with the possibility to change the angle of inclination to the axis of drum rotation in the range of 5...20°. It was established that in the case of the right-side arrangement of the cutting edge of knives, the highest total level of the percentage of crushed stems in the range of 101‒150 mm with an additional load weighing 800 kg exceeded by 1.58 times the corresponding indicators of the roll with an additional load of 600 kg. The largest overall value of the percentage of crushed stems in the range of 0‒200 mm when additionally loading the roll with 800 kg was 1.13 times higher than the corresponding indicators of the roll with an additional load of 600 kg. In the range of 0‒200 mm, with an additional load on the roll of 600 kg, at the left-side arrangement of the cutting edge of the knives of the roll, higher total percentage of crushed stems was observed compared to the right-side arrangement. At a speed of 7.45 km/h, 13.6 km/h, the cumulative value of the percentage of crushed stems exceeded the corresponding indicators at the right-side arrangement of knives by 1.09 times, at the speed of 18.6 km/h – by 1.04 times, at the speed of 22 km/h – by 1.04 times, respectively. It has been noted that at the left-side arrangement of the cutting edge of the knives of the roll, the percentage of crushed stems in the range of 51‒100 mm, with an additional load of 600 kg, exceeded the corresponding indicators with an additional load of 800 kg. At the speed of 10.08 km/h, it was exceeded by 1.9 times; at the speed of 13.6 km/h – by 1.44 times; at the speed of 18.6 km/h – by 1.96 times; at the speed of 22 km/h – by 1.99 times, respectively

Development of soapstock processing technology to ensure waste-free and safe production

Soapstock is a large-tonnage waste of the oil and fat industry, the disposal of which is environmentally hazardous. Processing of soapstock into industrially valuable products, in particular, fatty acids, is promising. The method for producing fatty acids, which consists in sequential saponification of soapstock with sodium hydroxide solution, salting out with sodium chloride and decomposition with sulfuric acid solution has been investigated. The feature of this work is the study of the effect of salting out conditions of saponified soapstock on the yield and neutralization number of fatty acids. As an experimental sample, sunflower soapstock was used, the indicators of which correspond to DSTU 5033 (CAS 68952-95-4): mass fraction of total fat – 67.3 %, fatty acids – 61.8 %, neutral fat – 5.5 %. Soapstock was subjected to preliminary saponification under the following conditions: duration 85 min., concentration of sodium hydroxide solution 45 %. After that, the saponified mass was subjected to salting out. The obtained core soap was decomposed with the sulfuric acid solution under the following conditions: temperature 90 °C, duration 40 min. Rational salting out conditions were determined: duration (80 min.) and sodium chloride concentration (16%). Under these conditions, the fatty acid yield is 95.0 %, the neutralization number is 194.8 mg KOH/g. The resulting fatty acids comply with DSTU 4860 (CAS 61788-66-7): the mass fraction of moisture and volatiles is 0.85 %, the mass fraction of total fat is 98.9 %, cleavage depth is 94.2 % oleic acid. This method of soapstock processing increases the fatty acid yield by 3.5 % compared to the method with saponification and decomposition, by 20.3 % compared to the method of soapstock decomposition with sulfuric acid. At the same time, the neutralization number increases by 4.1 % and 8.2 %, respectively. The improved method for fatty acids producing from soapstock provides high- quality fatty acids with increased yield.

Establishment of the dependence of the strength indicator of the composite material of pressure hoses on the character of single damages

Experimental studies are presented and the dependence of the change in the strength of the material of a pressure head fire hose of type T with an inner diameter of 77 mm in the longitudinal direction is established, taking into account single damages. The work describes the plan of the experiment and carried out a number of field experiments to determine the effect of the length ld and the depth K damage on the strength F of the hose material, that is, obtaining the dependence F=f (ld, K). A mathematical method of experiment planning was used and a plan was drawn up for a complete multivariate experiment of type 2k with an acceptable model accuracy of 5 %. The limits of variation of the factors are set taking into account a priori information, experimental capabilities and on the basis of the results of preliminary search experiments. The dependence in the coded and natural values of the factors is obtained. The reliability of the relationship was checked using the Fisher test, the calculated value of which was 5.98, which confirms the adequacy of the described process with a probability of 95 %. Analyzing experimental studies of the dependence of the change in the strength of the hose material on the length and depth of damage, it can be said that the change in the strength of the hose almost linearly depends on the specified damage parameters. It is found that with increasing damage, the strength of the hose material significantly decreases. When varying the length factor and the greatest depth of damage, K=0.4 mm, the strength of the hose material decreases from 11.67 kN to 8.77 kN, and in percentage terms by 25 %. The results obtained can be used in practical units of emergency rescue teams, when diagnosing hidden damage in pressure head fire hoses in order to prevent their failure in case of fires

Improving the methods for determining the index of quality of subsystem element interaction

It was proposed to improve the existing method of determining the quality of interaction of the elements of subsystems of the Machine Operator-Machining Center-Control Program for manufacturing parts (MO-MC-CP) system. This method combines estimates of social (machine operator), technical (machining center), and informational (control program for manufacturing parts) subsystems. Improvements were achieved through the use of four independent indices which are defined separately. One index takes into account single, double and triple interactions of integrated indicators where values of specific weight of weight coefficients depend on the sample size. The other three indices are a synergistic effect where the weight coefficients do not depend on the sample size. Therefore, the model of this index was modified at the expense of additional subsystems. Existing approaches to determining the indices are not focused on the assessment of the quality of interaction of the MO-MC-CP system, have software limitations, and work with limited sample sizes. With this in mind, it was decided to improve the existing tools of determining the quality indices of interaction to assess levels of interaction of the subsystem elements. The proposed software-implemented methods and the technology of index assessment improve the efficiency of the assessment of complex systems. Experimental verification has shown the superiority of interaction quality indices over those in the existing methods. A sign of efficiency is as follows: a smaller value of mean-square deviation of the proposed indices in comparison with the existing ones: S(ІQI1)=0.812; S(ІQI2)=0.271; S(ІQI3)=0.675; S(ІQI4)=0.57 and S(І)=0.947; S(І)=0.833; S(І)=0.594, respectively. The results obtained in the study of the interaction quality index are useful and important because they make it possible to better assess the interaction of subsystem elements and apply the proposed technology at industrial enterprises.

Influence of aeration rate and method of process activation on the degree of purification of zinc-containing waste water by ferritization

The aeration rate for the degree of purification of highly concentrated galvanic wastewater from zinc and ferrum ions was investigated using various activation methods. It is shown that the intensity of aeration has a significant effect on the quality of wastewater treatment and the characteristics of water treatment sludge. The efficiency of the use of an energy-saving method for activating the ferritization process with the use of electromagnetic pulses for the extraction of zinc ions from wastewater has been confirmed. It was determined that with an increase in the aeration rate to 3.5 dm3/min per 1 dm3 of the reaction mixture and the use of thermal activation of the process, the residual concentration of zinc ions remains within the range of 0.12÷0.2 mg/dm3. In this case, the concentration of ferrum ions decreases to values of 0.08÷0.14 mg/dm3. It was found that at an aeration rate of 2.5 dm3/min and the use of pulsed electromagnetic (EMP) activation, the residual concentrations of heavy metal ions decrease to values of 0.08÷0.16 mg/dm3. Comparison of the results indicates the advisability of using low rates of aeration of the reaction mixture. This, together with the use of resource-saving EMR process activation, allows to achieve a significant reduction in energy costs. The quantitative phase composition of ferritization precipitates was determined, in which the crystalline phases of zinc ferrite Zn2Fe2O4 and magnetite Fe3O4, as well as ferrum oxyhydroxide FeO (OH) and sodium sulfate Na2SO4, prevail. It is found that with an increase in the volumetric aeration rate, the proportion of the ferrite phase increases. At an aeration rate of 2.0 dm3/min, more than 85 % of the zinc ferrite phase was found in the sediments. Taking into account the qualitative and quantitative composition of precipitates, it is recommended to use them in the production of building materials. The experimental results obtained make it possible to provide a comprehensive processing of liquid galvanic waste.

Improvement of test methods and criteria for evaluation of resistance to flame propagation of long elements of the wiring system

The test methods for flame propagation of long elements of the electrical wiring system, in particular, cables, cable conduits and ducts, are analyzed, and differences in them are found in the test conditions and criteria for evaluating the resistance to flame propagation. Using a substrate of a wooden board covered with a layer of tissue paper with an areal density of (21±9) g/m2, adopted for testing other elements of the electrical wiring system, a cable was identified that is not resistant to flame propagation. It is proposed to use this substrate for testing the flame propagation of cables instead of a substrate made of a double layer of filter paper with a surface density of (80±15) g/m2. In one of three experiments, a cable that was not resistant to flame propagation was found based on the criterion of the presence of ignition of the substrate located under it. To reduce the risk of making an incorrect decision on compliance, it is proposed that the assessment of long elements of the wiring system be carried out according to the rules established for cable ducts, trays and ladders in EN 50085-1 and IEC 61537. For the AVVG cable with an outer diameter of 10 mm to 60 mm, when it touches the blue flame cone of 1 kW, the correlation coefficient of the dependence of the length of the charred part on the diameter was 0.969. For a distance of 100 mm between the sample and the burner along its axis, a correlation coefficient of 0.985 was obtained. It is proposed to test cables under the second condition recommended in IEC 60695-11-2. For two conduits, flame propagation was revealed when exposed to a 1 kW flame for 120 s and 240 s. However, for these pipelines, flame propagation did not occur under standard conditions of exposure to such a flame for 20 s and 25 s. To identify long elements of the wiring system that are not resistant to flame propagation, it is proposed to test them at a duration of exposure to a flame of 1 kW, established for cables in IEC 60332-1-2

The development of the system for arc nordugrid based grid-computing organization using virtual environments of the docker platform

The study of modern frameworks and means of using virtualization in a grid environment confirmed the relevance of the task of automated configuration of the environment for performing tasks in a grid environment. Setting up a task execution environment using virtualization requires the implementation of appropriate algorithms for scheduling tasks and distributed storage of images of virtual environments in a grid environment. Existing cloud infrastructure solutions to optimize the process of deploying virtual machines on computing resources do not have integration with the Arc Nordugrid middleware, which is widely used in grid infrastructures. An urgent task is to develop tools for scheduling tasks and placing images of virtual machines on the resources of the grid environment, taking into account the use of virtualization tools. The results of the implementation of services of the framework are presented that allow to design and perform computational tasks in a grid environment based on ARC Nordugrid using the virtual environment of the Docker platform. The presented results of the implementation of services for scheduling tasks in a grid environment using a virtual computing environment are based on the use of a scheduling algorithm based on the dynamic programming method. Evaluations of the effectiveness of the solutions developed on the basis of a complex of simulation models showed that the use of the proposed algorithm for scheduling and replicating virtual images in a grid environment can reduce the execution time of a computational task by 88 %. Such estimates need further refinement; it is predicted that planning efficiency will increase over time with an increase in the number of running tasks due to the redistribution of the storage of virtual images

Development of mathematical models and optimization of operation modes of the oil heating station of main oil pipelines under conditions of fuzzy initial information

The relevance of the study is substantiated by the fact that when managing the processes of oil transportation through main pipelines, it becomes necessary to determine and select the optimal operating modes of the oil pipeline units, taking into account the fuzziness of some part of the initial information. In this regard, solving the problem of multi-criteria selection of effective operating modes for an oil heating station for a hot oil pipeline system, which is often described in a fuzzy environment, based on the apparatus of fuzzy set theories, is an urgent scientific and practical problem. A method for the synthesis of models in the conditions of fuzzy output parameters of the object has been developed, with the help of which fuzzy models of the investigated oil heating station of the main oil pipeline have been built. Based on the modification and combination of various optimality principles, mathematical formulations of the problem of multi-criteria selection of effective operating modes for an oil heating station in a fuzzy environment are obtained. By modifying and adapting the principles of guaranteed results and equality in a fuzzy environment, a heuristic method has been developed for solving the formulated problem of selecting object's operation modes using the initial fuzzy information. The proposed heuristic method for multi-criteria selection in a fuzzy environment is based on the use of the experience and knowledge of the decision-maker. The proposed approach is implemented in the formulation and solution of the problem of multi-criteria selection of operating modes of the oil heating station in Atyrau of the Uzen-Atyrau-Samara main oil pipeline. As a result of the application of the proposed method, an improvement in the degree of fulfillment of a fuzzy restriction on environmental impact was achieved by 2 %, as well as the optimal values of the operating parameters of the object were improved: the temperature was reduced by 1.85 % (5.67 K), pressure – by 0.04 % (kPa) and fuel consumption – by 2.9 % (0.0002 kg/s). The obtained results have confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed approach to solving the assigned tasks.

Development of an estimation-experimental method for estimating the preservation indicators of single-use articles

To manage the operation of modern single-use products, it is necessary to evaluate their preservation indicators as uncontrolled, non-repairable, and maintenance-free objects. Data for assessing its parameters are considered as one-time censored samples with continuous monitoring, which does not correspond to the mode of storage of products during operation. Under the conditions of limited volumes of censored samples, it is problematic to identify the parametric model of persistence. To solve this problem, a non-parametric estimation-experimental method has been devised, which is a set of models for data generation, estimation of the function of the distribution of the preservation period and preservation indicators. The data generation model is represented by a scheme of operational tests and analytical relationships between the quantities of tested and failed articles. The model of estimating the distribution function describes the process of its construction on the generated data. Models for estimating preservation indicators are represented by ratios for their point and interval estimates, as functionals from the restored distribution function. Unlike the well-known ones, the developed method implements the assessment of indicators under the conditions of combined censorship. The method can be used to assess the preservation indicators of single-use articles with an error of at least 7 %. At the same time, their lower confidence limits are estimated at 0.9 with an error not worse than 14 % with a censorship degree of not more than 0.23. The restored distribution function agrees well (reliability 0.9, error 0.1) with the actual persistence of articles with censorship degrees of not more than 0.73, which is acceptable for solving the problems of managing their operation.