Stemming the Medical Brain Drain: A Personal Perspective on a Global Problem

The term “medical brain drain” refers to the international migration of physicians from the developing world to developed countries. This loss of health professionals contributes significantly to global health inequities. The issue has been framed in terms of ethical, financial, and infrastructural issues, and many attempts have been made to pose solutions that address the respective arms of this multifaceted phenomenon. This article seeks to explore the medical brain drain from a migrant physician’s personal perspective, contextualized with data and analysis from relevant literature. I conclude that adopting the mindset of “brain circulation” rather than “brain drain” will be a component in paving the way for multidisciplinary solutions to the problems that promote the migration of physicians from resource-limited settings.

Bithalamic Dysfunction in Wernicke’s Encephalopathy

We describe a 65-year-old, nonalcoholic, right-handed female with multiple vascular risk factors who developed transient visuospatial hemineglect and global aphasia after presenting with the classic triad of Wernicke’s encephalopathy (mental status changes, nystagmus/ophthalmoplegia, and ataxia). A brain MRI showed no evidence of acute infarction, but demonstrated signal change in the medial thalami and mammillary bodies. Intravenous thiamine therapy was given, and visuospatial hemineglect and ophthalmoplegia disappeared while the aphasia improved. The occurrence of these acute transient clinical features has not been previously reported in Wernicke’s encephalopathy.

Acute Obstructive Suppuration of the Pancreatic Duct Causing Sepsis

Objective: We report a rare case of acute obstructive suppuration of the pancreatic duct causing sepsis, which was successfully treated with emergent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Methods: We describe the patient’s clinical presentation, laboratory test results, and imaging used for diagnosis and treatment. Results: A 33-year-old female with a history of recurrent acute pancreatitis was admitted during an episode of acute pancreatitis. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen revealed acute pancreatitis, diffuse pancreatic atrophy and pancreatic ductal dilatation with obstruction due to a soft tissue lesion within the distal duct. Shortly after admission she developed symptoms and signs of sepsis. Urgent ERCP was performed to further assess the suspected cholangitis. “Clean” bile emanated from the common bile duct, while copious purulent fluid was detected at the dilated pancreatic duct orifice, confirming suppuration of the pancreatic duct. A plastic single pigtail stent was placed traversing the ampulla and pancreatic duct stones that were causing the obstruction, which were later removed. After endoscopic decompression, the patient rapidly improved over the following 24 hours and had no subsequent admissions for pancreatitis.Conclusion: Acute suppuration of the pancreatic duct (ASPD) is a rare and potentially fatal infectious complication of pancreatic ductal obstruction with few cases reported in the English literature. It would be of interest to further investigate the exact pathophysiology leading to development of ASPD. The endoscopic methods of urgent ERCP and pancreatic duct decompression utilized in our case proved effective in successfully treating ASPD. This unusual condition should be considered in patients with acute pancreatitis who develop early clinical decompensation.

Autophagy and Schizophrenia: A Closer Look at How Dysregulation of Neuronal Cell Homeostasis Influences the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia

Autophagy, the process of degrading intracellular components in lysosomes, plays an important role in the central nervous system by contributing to neuronal homeostasis. Autophagic failure has been linked to neurologic dysfunction and a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Recent investigation has revealed a novel role for autophagy in the context of mental illness, namely in schizophrenia. This article summarizes the phenomenology, genetics, and structural/histopathological brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia. We review studies that demonstrate for the first time a connection between autophagy malfunction and schizophrenia. Transcriptional profiling in schizophrenia patients uncovered a dysregulation of autophagy-related genes spatially confined to a specific area of the cortex, Brodmann Area 22, which has been previously implicated in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. We also discuss the role of autophagy activators in schizophrenia and whether they may be useful adjuvants to the traditional antipsychotic medications currently used as the standard of care. In summary, the field has progressed beyond the basic concept that autophagy impairment predisposes to neurodegeneration, to a mechanistic understanding that loss of autophagy can disrupt neuronal cell biology and predispose to mood disorders, psychotic symptoms, and behavioral change.

Origins and Applications of CRISPR-Mediated Genome Editing

In this graphical review we highlight key milestones in the discovery and development of CRISPR and cas9 technology, as well as illustrate mechanisms of cas9:sgRNA target binding and DNA repair.

Awarded abstracts from 20th annual Julius Marmur Symposium

VITAL ROLES OF KINESINS IN DEVELOPMENT AND DISEASE IN ZEBRAFISH Philip D. Campbell. Mentor: Dr. Florence L. Marlow HOW THE BRAIN HANDLES SENSORY UNCERTAINTY Fanny Cazettes. Mentor: Dr. Jose L. Pena OPTICAL TOOLS TO STUDY THE ISOFORM-SPECIFIC ROLES OF SMALL GTPASES IN IMMUNE CELLS Veronika Miskolci. Mentor: Dr. Dianne Cox & Dr. Louis Hodgson NEUTROPHIL AGING IS REGULATED BY THE MICROBIOME Dachuan Zhang. Mentor: Dr. Paul S. Frenette