CYCLODEXTRIN IN DRUG DELIVERY APPLICATION: A REVIEW

The cyclodextrins have a wide range of applications in various areas of drug delivery and pharmaceutical industry due to their complexation ability and other versatile characteristics. The most popular pharmaceutical application of cyclodextrin is to increase the solubility, stability, safety and bioavailability of drug molecules. The idea of this review article is to solve and study any of the findings and application of cyclodextrin (CD) and their derivatives in different areas of drug delivery. This review article introduce the molecular structure, properties like complexation, solubility etc. of cyclodextrins and targeted on its use for parenteral, oral, ophthalmic and nasal drug delivery. Other routes including dermal, rectal, sublingual and pulmonary delivery are again briefly addressed. The aim of this contribution is to focus on the potential application of chemically altared cyclodextrins as high-performance drug carriers in drug delivery systems with emphasis on the other recent developments. Thus cyclodextrins, because of their continuing ability to find several novel applications in drug delivery, are expected to solve many problems associated with the delivery of different other novel drugs through different delivery routes. Keywords: Cyclodextrin, complexing agents, bioavailability, industrial application

A NOVEL MERCURIMETRIC TITRATION ASSAY OF METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE USING MERCURY (II) THIOCYANATE–IRON (III) NITRATE INDICATOR SYSTEM

A simple, rapid, reliable and novel titration procedure for the mercurimetric assay of metformin hydrochloride (MHCl) based on measurement of the chloride content of its hydrochloride salt is described. In this experiment, initially a synthetic mercury(II) thiocyanate [Hg(SCN)2] indicator was prepared by titrating mercury(II) nitrate [Hg(NO3)2] against potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) in the 1:2 stoichiometric ratio using ferric nitrate [Fe(NO3)3]. After addition of a known amount of Hg(NO3)2 to the indicator, the solution was further titrated against the aqueous solution of MHCl until the original red color reappeared. The concentration of chloride present in the volume (of MHCl) utilized for the reaction was found to be reacting in the 2:1 stoichiometric ratio with the Hg(NO3)2 taken in the second titration. The statistical treatment of the experimental data obtained by determining MHCl in the concentration range 0.8281 to 8.281 g/lit, indicates that the procedure is precise and accurate. The procedure was further applied for the analysis of MHCl in tablet formulations. The average recovery and accuracy were found to be in agreement with claimed by the manufacturer. The common excipients used in tablet formulations did not interfere in the determination of MHCl by this procedure as observed by the recovery experiment using standard addition method. The chemistry involved in titration, the action of an indicator at the end point and the factors that affecting the reaction stoichiometry are discussed. Keywords: Chloride assay, Mercurimetric titration, Mercury (II) nitrate, Mercury(II) thiocyanate-iron(III) nitrate indicator system, Metformin hydrochloride, Metformin hydrochloride tablets.

RAPID IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF WESTERN GHATS CULTIVAR - COLOCASIA ESCULENTA FOR THE HIGH FREQUENCY OF PLANTLETS

Colocasia esculenta is commonly known as Taro, it is referred to as cocoyam in Nigeria. They are cherished for their rich taste, nutritional and medicinal properties. Every 100 g of taro corms possess 112 Kcal, 26.46 g carbohydrate, 1.50 g protein, 0.20 g total fat and 4.1g fiber (USDA National Nutrient Data Base). Besides its nutritional value, taro is used as a medical plant and provides bioactive compounds used as an anti-cancer drugs. Traditionally, cocoyams are vegetative propagated from tuber fragments, a practice that encourages pathogen distribution. Colocasia esculenta is a widely distributed food crop in the humid tropics and subtropics. Despite of its wide distribution, Taro plants are commonly infected with DsMV and other pathogens. This virus induces conspicuous mosaic, malformation, dwarfing or feathering on leaves in taro. As the results of infection, it reduces the quality and yield of taro production greatly. This virus is thus considered as a major limiting factor in the production of taro. Here plays the importance of tissue culture plays a major role in producing the disease resistant plants round the year with high quality. For rapid multiplication and production of quality planting materials, tissue culture technology offers promising alternative compared to the traditional production methods. KEYWORDS: Colocasia esculenta, Virus, Pathogens, Conventional propagation, Micropropagation, Yield, Rapid multiplication, Quality

JRK’S ANTI- COFF – AN EFFECTIVE REMEDY FOR REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES SCAVENGING

JRK’s Anti-coff was studied for reactive oxygen species scavenging benefit inorder to establish the anti-oxidant therapeutic benefit. Findings clearly show that the herbs used in JRK’s Anti-coff such as Anisochilus carnosus, Leucas aspera, Ocimum sanctum, Solanum trilobatum, Acalypha indica, and Adhatoda vasica showed antioxidant effect. We have attempted to co-relate the above benefit of JRK’s Anti-coff with the blood purification benefit postulated by Ayurveda and Siddha. Further the importance of blood purification for the treatment of several diseases is discussed. Keywords: Ocimum sanctum, ROS, Blood purification effect, JRK’s Anti- coff

TARGETING CYCLIN B1 WITH ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLETOTIDES- COATED SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES

Antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) represent an attractive trend as specific targeting molecules but sustain poor cellular uptake meanwhile superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) offer stability of ASO and improved cellular uptake. In the present work we aimed to functionalize SPIONs with ASO targeting the mRNA of Cyclin B1 which represents a potential cancer target and to explore its anticancer activity. For that purpose, four different SPIONs-ASO conjugates, S-M (1–4), were designated depending on the sequence of ASO and constructed by crosslinking carboxylated SPIONs to amino labeled ASO. The impact of S-M (1–4) on the level of Cyclin B1, cell cycle, ROS and viability of the cells were assessed by flowcytometry. The results showed that S-M3 and S-M4 reduced the level of Cyclin B1 by 35 and 36%, respectively. As a consequence to downregulation of Cyclin B1, MCF7 cells were shown to be arrested at G2/M phase (60.7%). S-M (1–4) led to the induction of ROS formation in comparison to the untreated control cells. Furthermore, S-M (1–4) resulted in an increase in dead cells compared to the untreated cells and SPIONs-treated cells. In conclusion, targeting Cyclin B1 with ASO-coated SPIONs may represent a specific biocompatible anticancer strategy.

COMPARISON OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE EFFECT OF MOXONIDINE VERSUS CLONIDINE IN RENAL FAILURE PATIENTS.

Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against blood vessel walls as the heart pumps out blood, and high blood pressure, also called hypertension, is an increase in the amount of force that blood places on blood vessels as it moves through the body. Factors that can increase this force include higher blood volume due to extra fluid in the blood and blood vessels that are narrow, stiff, or clogged(1). High blood pressure can damage blood vessels in the kidneys, reducing their ability to work properly. When the force of blood flow is high, blood vessels stretch so blood flows more easily. Eventually, this stretching scars and weakens blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidneys.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE SAFETY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF GLUCOSAMINE-DIACEREIN AND UNIVESTIN – CHONDROITIN IN KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIC PATIENTS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Background: Knee Osteoarthritis is a progressive disease showing increasing trend of occurrence in a population .It has lead to great morbidity and disability. Combinations which showed anti-inflammatory property and suppression of cartilage degeneration are better options for management of knee osteoarthritis. According to medical practice, quick relief within short period of exposure to drug therapy is preferred. This study was an attempt to compare the safety and effectiveness of diacerein-glucosamine and univestin-chondroitin combinations in knee osteoarthritic patients in a tertiary care hospital. These drugs are now prescribed by Indian physicians in the current scenario. Patients and Method: The study began only after getting the approval from Institutional Ethics Committee and obtaining Inform Consent from subjects. The study was conducted in the department of orthopedics in Pushpagiri Medical College hospital, Kerala. From140 patients who arrived at the Orthopedics OPD Pushpagiri medical college hospital, we sorted and selected only 64 patients based on the study criteria. We divided into two groups (32 each) one receiving diacerein-glucosamine and another receiving univestin chondroitin combinations. From these groups grade 1 and 2 patients are subdivided. They were assessed by WOMAC, KOOS, VAS, 6 minute walk test, and Standard ADR questionnaires (Naranjo’s) for measuring safety and effectiveness of drug combinations. Change in the short term effectiveness for both drugs measure was assessed before the start of treatment, and after 30 days of treatment. Conclusion: For Grade 1 patients both drugs were equally effective. But for Grade 2 Patients diacerein-glucosamine combination therapy shows more benefit than univestin-chondroitin. However, semi-synthetic drug combination showed more safety profile than synthetic drug combination in the short term treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Keywords : univestin –chondroitin , diacerein-glucosamine , OA , WOMAC , KOOS , VAS