Improved analysis method of neuromuscular junction in Drosophila larvae by transmission electron microscopy

The Drosophila neuromuscular junction is an excellent model for neuroscience research. However, the distribution of neuromuscular junctions is very diffuse, and it is not easy to accurately locate during ultrathin sectioning, which seriously interferes with the ultrastructural analysis under electron microscopy that only has a small field of view. Here, we reported an efficient method for acquiring the ultrastructural picture of neuromuscular junctions in Drosophila larva under electron microscopy. The procedure was as follows: first, the larval sample of body wall muscle was placed between the metal mesh and was dehydrated with alcohol and infiltrated with epoxy resin to prevent the sample from curling or bending, after it was dissected and fixed into thin slices. Second, the sample was embedded in resin into a flat sheet to facilitate the positioning of the muscles. Third, carefully and gradually remove the excess resin and the cuticle of the larvae, cut off both ends of the special body segment, and trim the excess specific muscles according to the recommended ratio of trimming muscles, which would reduce the workload exponentially. At last, the trimmed sample were prepared into serial about 1000 ultrathin sections that was about total 80 microns thickness, and 30–40 sections were gathered into a grid to stain with lead citrate and uranyl acetate. This method could also be applied to the other small and thin samples such as the Drosophila embryo, ventral nerve cord and brain.

Unknown variant of the accessory subscapularis muscle?

Acting in medial rotation of the arm, the subscapularis (SM) is the most powerful and largest muscle of the rotator cuff. It is morphologically variable, especially in the number of tendons, place of insertion, and number of bellies, and it is sometimes fused with another muscle. An accessory subscapularis muscle (ASM) is among the morphological variations of the SM, but it is a really rare variant. The present case describes a very rare ASM that is divided into proximal tendinous attachment, intermediate fleshy muscular belly and distal tendinous attachment. Its origin is located on the lateral border of the scapula, but some fibers are connected with the muscular part of the SM. Its distal attachment is fused with the capsule of shoulder joint, above the tendinous insertion of the SM. Such an arrangement allows for greater stabilization of the joint. Moreover, there is a possibility that it could be used during treatment of ruptured SM tendons.