Comparison of IL-6 and TNF-Alfa Serum Levels in Pre and Post Radiotherapy Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients at the NTB Provincial Hospital

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is often found in Asia, especially in South and Southeast China, with Indonesia being the fourth most common malignancy after breast cancer, cervical cancer, and lung cancer. NPC can generally be diagnosed only in the late stages, so it can increase morbidity and mortality. One of the recommendations for therapy for NPC is radiotherapy, but radiotherapy still fails due to a chronic inflammatory process involving several inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-Alfa. Cytokines play a role in various signaling pathways that can lead to increased proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and inhibit apoptosis and even have an effect on resistance to therapy in many cancer cells, especially NPC. A good understanding of this pro-inflammatory cytokine, is expected to improve the prognosis in NPC patients in the future, knowing serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-Alfa pre and post radiotherapy. This is a preliminary study or literature study before the main study is conducted. Sources include scientific journals accessed through an online portal, namely NCBI. Poor prognosis in NPC patients with high serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-Alfa. The higher the levels of IL-6 and TNF-Alfa in post-radiotherapy NPC patients, the worse the condition is because these pro-inflammatory cytokines can activate various signaling pathways.

The Effect Of Relaxing A Deep Breath On Anxiety Levels

Emotions and breathing are closely linked in a complex feedback loop. Understanding this interrelationship between breathing and emotions is critical to better understanding how to deal with anxiety, stress, depression, and emotional disturbances. During emotional attacks and anxious states, the autonomic nervous system triggers physiological variables such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, hormonal secretions, palpitations, gastrointestinal functions suddenly increase as a result of which the normal social and behavioral functions of the individual are disturbed. It is generally believed that deep breathing, practiced with various techniques, such as qigong and yoga, can promote relaxation. Source searches were carried out on the online portal of journal publications as many as 10 sources from Medscape, Google Scholar, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) with the keywords anxiety, relaxation, and deep breathing. Deep breathing relaxation has been shown to be effective in reducing the perception and symptoms of anxiety. Deep breathing offers several advantages over conventional therapies currently used to treat anxiety problems. These advantages include a non-pharmacological approach, safety, minimal space requirements, ease of learning, and ease of practice.

Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (PARDS) On Pediatric COVID-19 Patients

At the end of 2019, there was a pandemic happening in the world, called the novel Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Various spectrums of disease from COVID-19, one of which is ARDS. The incidence of COVID-19 in children is not as much as in adults. However, in children under one year of age it can get worse. The main characteristic of worsening infection is the occurrence of ARDS. Objective: To find out the best treatment for PARDS in COVID-19 patients. Method: The writing of this article uses various sources from scientific journals to government guidelines and related institutions. Search articles using the keywords “Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome”, “ARDS”, “Pediatric Respiratory Distress Syndrome”, “PARDS”, and “PARDS on COVID-19” Result and Discussion: PARDS was defined based on PALICC in 2015. Pathophysiology of PARDS in COVID-19 patients is still unclear. However, there is a theory that explains the way SARS-Cov-2 enters cells, namely through membrane fusion, giving rise to ARDS. The difference in handling PARDS for COVID-19 patients is that the handling technique is more alert to the risk of aerosols. Conclusions: There are differences in the handling of PARDS for COVID-19 patients in the technique by reducing the risk of virus transmission by preventing leakage when using a ventilator and using a bacterial/virus filter, as well as rescuers and staff using complete PPE during the procedure.

Factors Affecting Arteriovenous Fistula (AVF) Maturation

AVF requires postoperative maturation before cannulation to initiate hemodialysis treatment. AVF maturation usually takes about six weeks and depends on the development of vascular remodeling. However, AVF surgery is not always followed by successful maturation. Recent studies have shown that the rate of maturation failure in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing AVF-type vascular access establishment is very high, ranging from 20% to 60%. The source search was carried out on the online portal of journal publications as many as 12 sources from Medscape, Google Scholar, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) with the keywords chronic kidney disease, hemodialysis, AVF, and maturation. Many factors are involved in the functional maturation of AVF, including age, sex, coagulation factors, lipid profile, hypoalbumin, venous diameter, diabetes, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, smoking, obesity, and dialysis. Failure of AVF maturation results in insufficient blood flow to allow cannulation and initiation of hemodialysis.

Preliminary Study On Latent Membrane Protein-1 (LMP-1) And Bcl-2 Associated X (BAX) In Exosomes Of Patients With Nasopharingeal Cancer In NTB Provincial Hospital

Nasopharyngeal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in Indonesia, especially head and neck cancer. One of the etiology of this cancer is infection with Epstein-Barr virus. Early diagnosis is difficult to establish because the early signs and symptoms of nasopharyngeal carcinoma are not specific. Examination of latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1) oncogene expression and BCL2-associated X (BAX) gene expression proved to be useful in the identification of nasopharyngeal cancer. LMP1 oncogene is an oncogene that functions as a tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR), so that apoptosis does not occur and promotes invasion and metastasis. The BAX gene is a pro-apoptotic gene that inhibits cancer development, but its regulation will be downregulated by LMP1 because LMP can protect B-cells from apoptosis.

Dry Eye Due To Millet Diabetes

Eye dry syndrome or dry eye is a multifactorial disorder that causes reduced tear fluid, causing discomfort to the eye. Several risk factors that cause dry eye such as history of medication, meibomian gland dysfunction, age, gender, systemic disease and immune disorders (Mark, et al., 2021). Diabetes mellitus is one of the risk factors for dry eyes. The International Dry Eye Workshop II (DEWS) divides dry eyes into two parts based on etiopathological criteria, namely due to lack of tear production or Aqueous Tear Deficiency (ATD) and excessive evaporation or Evaporative Tear Deficiency (ETD) (shimazaki, 2018). Prevalence This article aims to review Diabetes Miletus, one of the risk factors for dry eye. The source search was carried out on the online portal of the publication of the journal Nation Center for Biotechnology Information / NCBI, Google Scholar with the keywords "Eye Dry Syndrome, Diabetes Milletus, Eye Dry treatment".

Bekasi City Government Policy In Financing Stunting In Children

Currently, nutritional problems in Indonesia are still in the spotlight, one of which is the problem of stunting in toddlers. The government shows its commitment to tackling stunting by making regulations regarding the acceleration of stunting reduction as stated in Presidential Regulation No. 72 of 2021. The health financing system is an effort to fund the health sector to support the implementation of health with the aim of achieving the highest health status. This study aims to provide an overview of the Bekasi City government's policy in financing stunting prevention in Bekasi City. The research method used is normative juridical, with a statutory approach. The policies issued by the Bekasi City Government regarding the Prevention and Control of Stunting are contained in the Bekasi Mayor's Instruction No: 440/1914/Bappeda and the establishment of the Task Force for the Acceleration of Stunting Prevention and Control is contained in Decree Number: 440/Kep.277-Bappelitbangda/V/ 2020. The results of this study show that the participation of the Bekasi City government has been very good from issuing policies related to stunting reduction efforts, forming and implementing 8 integration actions by involving multi-sectoral roles in government which is an effort to prevent stunting. The financing used in the stunting prevention process is funded by the Bekasi City Government from the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD) and or other funds that can be utilized by the relevant government sector to be in charge of 8 integration actions.

Recognizing Sexually Transmitted Infections And Their Treatment

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are diseases that can be transmitted from one person to another, can be caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. STIs can be transmitted through vaginal, anal, and oral sex. This article aims to identify STIs and their management. The sources used are scientific journals and textbooks. Source searches were conducted on the online portals of journal publications such as the National Center for Biotechnology Information / NCBI (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and Google Scholar (scholar.google.com). Transmission of STIs can occur due to interactions between agents (disease-causing factors), hosts (humans as hosts), and the environment (environmental factors). The increase in the incidence of STIs is influenced by several factors, including demographic changes such as very high population growth, increased community movements due to work or tourism, advances in IT-based technology (Technology Information) and socio-economic improvements.

Cutis Tuberculosis

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is spreading globally, and more than two billion people (about 30% of the world's population) are thought to be infected with M. tuberculosis. Tuberculosis cutis is an extrapulmonary Mycoterium tuberculosis infection that attacks the skin. Research Methods: The writing of this article includes various sources originating from scientific journals and government guidelines and related agencies. Source searches were conducted on the online portals of journal publications such as MedScape, Google Scholar and NCBI (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Results: Cutaneous TB can be transmitted through exposure to the lungs or infected aerosols entering the lungs. Cutaneous TB is divided into True Cutaneous TB which consists of primary and secondary TB, and Tuberculid Overall, the treatment of cutaneous TB is similar to that of systemic TB, which tends towards multi-drug therapy. Several anti-tuberculosis drugs such as isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide have been recommended as drugs for the treatment of cutaneous tuberculosis. It was reported that in a five-year follow-up approximately 12.5% ??of cutaneous TB patients showed relapse after standard anti-TB therapy. Conclusion: To reduce the mortality rate, the public needs to be given education regarding the dangers and ways to prevent TB disease to increase public awareness. More long-term studies are needed to understand the recurrence rate of various cutaneous tuberculosis under current treatment recommendations, especially in immunocompromised patients.

Anxiety And Risk Of Cardiovascular Disease

Anxiety is a normal emotion that is owned by every individual. Pathologically increased anxiety can not only give rise to other anxiety disorders but can also lead to other mental illnesses. Anxiety is a type of mental disorder that is quite common in Europe, Switzerland, Iceland, Norway in 2010 it was found that the prevalence for 12 months was 14% and 61.5 million people were affected. According to WHO in the global population with anxiety disorders in 2015 the percentage was 3.6% and it was more common in women with a percentage of 4.6% compared to 2.6% for men. Individuals with symptoms of anxiety are likely to experience the effects of interference that can lead to metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome leads to progressive and clustering of several metabolic risk factors that directly increase the risk of death from cardiovascular disease (CVD, type 2 diabetes mellitus). last year from 10% to 63.2%. Anxiety disorders appear to be caused by the interaction of bio-psychosocial factors. Genetic susceptibility interacts with stressful situations or the presence of trauma to produce a clinically significant syndrome. Treatment measures include pharmacological, psychological, and combination therapies. all are therapeutic measures for all anxiety disorders, selective serotonin is a first line agent for several anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, social anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder.Psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy should be given and both therapies are equally effective. The choice in determining the therapy given must be considered according to the severity of the disorder.