Imprisonment during COVID-19 in Brazil: A Brief Review on the Prison Situation during the Pandemic

This mini-review aims to reflect upon the conditions of penitentiaries in Brazil during times of the pandemic; it also brings to discussion the recent decision by the Supreme Court of Brazil which allowed for certain detainees to carry out their sentences under house arrest; in addition, it aims to discuss how the judges on lower courts have decided in light of the aforementioned Supreme Court ruling. By outlining the conditions of imprisonment that can be observed in the jailing system, the authors seek to critically reflect upon the role of justice in the society during times of hardship. The authors begin by tracing a historical background in a concise way, in order to elucidate how situations of illnesses and bereavement have developed during the years. After that, the authors compare judicial rulings involving the current prison status quo. To conclude, the authors seek to add to the debate joining the voices who cry out for more assertive measures in the preservation of life and health of detainees and prison workers.

A Child has a Right to Blood Transfusion Services in Nigeria, despite the Religious Status of the Parents or Guardians

Red blood cell transfusion is an important and frequent component of neonatal intensive care. Whereas blood and blood products transfusion can help a patient (child) recover from a serious illness, surgery or injury, because of the religious beliefs of some parents or guardians, a child may be denied the benefit of this life-saving service. Several legal statutes and precedents exist to protect the rights of children in need of life-saving blood transfusions where denied this opportunity to be transfused and survive. The awareness of these extant laws and statutes are critical for the empowerment of healthcare providers in the performance of their role within the provisions of the law and medical ethics.

By neglecting George Perkins Marsh, we only have Paulo Freire’s utopia

This paper seeks to demonstrate that the environmental issues were pointed out by George Perkins Marsh at least one hundred years before it become a part of the global agenda in the 1970s. As per our research we can we can clearly state that the negligence given to his book “Man and Nature”, in which he has proven that aggression to nature meant aggression to human life, became responsible for the serious environmental problems that we have today. If a return in time is unlikely to prevent industrial capitalism from following its rite of destruction-production-oppression-consumption all we have is the hope that all of this can be mitigated in some way. We bet on environmental education, mainly mediated by hope and utopia very well outlined by the patron of Brazilian education, Paulo Freire. This article is an essay in which we weave together neglect with hope.

Jean Jacques Rousseau and Human Enhancement

Human enhancement is one of the hottest bioethical debates because the two parts have strong foundation on their arguments. Human enhancement is both naturally and technologically. Many people agree upon natural human enhancement because it is part of human dignity. Technological human enhancement spark debates pros and cons. We will learn from Jean-Jacques Rousseau to inspire our discussion. We will use Rousseau’s famous statement, “the faculty of self-improvement” in developing argument to arrive in the final conclusion

Implementation of Informed Consent in Complementary & Alternative Medicine (Cam) in Homeopathy Services by Ahmadiyya Congregation Practices in Yogyakarta and Jakarta

Informed consent is the consent given to a patient for a medical action after obtaining all important information about the nature and consequences of the action. Procedures regarding the method and content of informed consent still need to be analyzed to provide protection for doctors, patients and related institutions. The purpose of this study is to discuss more deeply about the method and content of informed consent in homeopathic services by practitioners of the Ahmadiyya congregation. This study used a qualitative descriptive method with a total of 20 participants consisting of homeopaths, patients, and staff of the National Homeopathy Department which was conducted through in- depth interviews using purposive sampling and then data is processed using coding and presented descriptively. Homeopaths more often use informed consent oral. The elements of informed consent: • A good way of delivering information is conditioned according to the background and psychological condition of the patient. • Correct in the delivery of homeopathy (how to reveal the patient's diagnosis, alternative goals of action, risks, prognosis where every homeopath never promises a cure to the patient and completely free financing except for homeopaths that have independent clinics. • Complete information the factors that influence the use of homeopathy are dissatisfaction in 34% of patients; need for personal control in 16% of patients; and philosophical congruence in 50% of patients. The application of informed consent is not just giving a signature, but the essence of informed consent is explanation of the information followed by informed consent either in oral or written form so that the patient can make decisions and can be accounted for. More comprehensive education, policies and in-depth socialization of informed consent are urgently needed for practitioners.

Who has the Custody over the Fertilized Egg in Vitro?

The issue of fertilized egg in vitro has been the object of controversy in the American courts. Some courts have recognized its right to future life while others have ruled that it was no more than pre-embryo and hence lacking the potential for actual life and the right to future life. The debate became more intense when this fertilized oven was stored in a private laboratory during the marital life followed by the divorce and a dispute between spouses over the future of this oven. In this regard, the American courts concluded to the common custody of the former spouses over this stored egg. At the same time, it endorsed the right to refuse the procreation specially in the case of the former husband invoking his right not to have children.

Tax Advisors and Professional Secrecy in Directive 2011/16/EU of the Council of February 15, 2011

This article makes a modest and succinct exposition over the situation of tax advisers with the tax administration and their clients in the European Union, referring to professional secrecy as an essential basis of trust with their clients within the content of DIRECTIVE (EU) 2018/822 OF THE COUNCIL, of May 25, 2018 that modifies Directive 2011/16/EU, on administrative cooperation in the field of taxation and repealing Directive 77/799/EEC.

Towards the Uniform Civil Code and Personal Laws in India: Gender Equality Perspective

Family life and personal law in India express together a complex blend of historical, philosophical and political aspects. Family law is setting out a framework for thinking about how personal life affects the most profound aspects of our lives and communities. But the political issues are facing problematic as politician are not in favor of this because fear of losing their vote bank. There is not only political issue but also legal issue. Again, in the matters of personal law segment pertaining to marriage, dowry, divorce, adoption, legitimacy, wills, and inheritance each individual of different backgrounds must appeal to their respective religious laws for guidance or rulings. In a modern secular India, balancing the claims of religious communities in secular nature has caused some difficult problems as a nation. The author will scrutinize how personal laws in secular India provides an inclusive look into the issues and challenges and what extent State can interfere in the matters of religion so as to remove the hindrance in the governance. This article will also analyze the basis of national integration by removing disparate reliability on law which has conflicting ideologies of gender equality.

Silence is the Language of God and Source of Strength: Exploring the Hidden Benefits of Silence

Silent is a beautiful powerful boost of positive energy and it is an important aspect of worship. Our mind is moving towards past and future. Bringing mindfulness into the present time during our materialistic society of hectic lives silent evolved as a relief mode for relaxation and happiness. World Health Organization and the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre concluded that a steady dose of noise pollution could lead to higher blood pressure and fatal heart attacks. It was the result of the research found that high rates of cholesterol and hypertension in individuals regularly exposed to loud noises at work. In this situation silence can actually stimulate new cell growth in the brain, improve memory, and release tension in the brain and body. In fact, two minutes of silence is more effective in relieving physical tension than listening to relaxing music.