Knowledge Regarding HIV/AIDS among Nepalese Army

Introduction: A global pandemic threat HIV/AIDS is also matter of concern of developing countries like Nepal where the first case was identified in July 1988 and later became epidemic and then concentrated epidemic among risk group for HIV. Several studies reflected HIV is associated to many factors, Literacy and Socio-economic conditions being at the highest rank. Members of Nepal army are generally with less educational background and few with higher educational status are at higher post. Thus knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS among this group need to be assessed. Aims: The overall objective of our study was to assess knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS among Nepal army in Banke district. Methods: A Cross-sectional descriptive study with population size of 146 Army was performed which covered the entire population of Shree Shreemehar Army Camp in Banke, starting from 18th June to 27th August, 2018. A pre-tested questionnaire containing structural, semi-structural and open ended questions were made as data collection tool. All the soldiers in Army camp were interviewed after receiving consent as an ethical clearance. Results: All 146 Army of our study were aware about HIV/AIDS mainly via mass media (83.56%). 33 respondents still didn’t know about availability of its treatment. Misconception about its complete cure and vaccination was seen in 12 and 39 respondents respectively. 58 respondents were found knowing about the free health services by government. 141 respondents knew certain things about prevention. 28 respondents admitted of having multiple sex partners and only 24 among them used preventive measure. Conclusion: Though all the respondents of our study had known about HIV/AIDS still they had misconception regarding its treatment and prevention. Many respondents do not even know about the free health services of government. Few of them still don’t use preventive measure.

PEMANFAATAN KLINIK VCT OLEH KELOMPOK BERESIKO DAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN

Pendahuluan: VCT merupakan entrypoint untuk memberikan perawatan, dukungan dan pengobatan bagi penderita HIV/AIDS. Pelaksanaan VCT dapat dipengaruhi faktor pengetahuan, dukungan keluarga dan sikap petugas kesehatan. Tujuan penelitian mengetahui hubungan antara pengetahuan, dukungan keluarga dan sikap petugas kesehatan terhadap pemanfaatan klinik VCT. Metode: Desain penelitian survey analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi penelitian merupakan kelompok beresiko terhadap HIV/AIDS, jumlah sampel 79 orang diambil dengan purposive sampling. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan kuisioner yang telah dilakukan uji validitas dan reliabilitas. Analisa data dengan uji Chi-Square. Hasil dan Pembahasan: Karaktersitik responden sebagian besar jenis kelamin laki-laki, berstatus LSL, pengetahuan kategori kurang, dukungan keluarga baik dan sikap petugas baik. Analisia bivariate didapat ada hubungan pengetahuan dengan pemanfaatan klinik VCT (p-value 0,007, ada hubungan dukungan keluarga dengan pemanfaatan klinik VCT (p-value 0,002) namun tidak ada hubungan sikap petugas dengan pemanfaatan klinik VCT (p-value 0,419). Pengetahuan dan dukungan keluarga sangat penting untuk meningkatkan perilaku kelompok beresiko memanfaatkan klinik VCT. Simpulan dan Saran: Pengetahuan dan dukungan keluarga menjadi domain penting dan perlu ditingkatkan agar seluruh kelompok beresiko dengan status apapun dapat meningkatkan perilaku pemanfaatan klinik VCT. Diharapkan sikap petugas kesehatan dan pelaksanaan pendidikan kesehatan secara terstruktur kepada masyarakat tentang pentingnya manfaat klinik VCT dapat ditingkatkan.

effect of HIV/AIDS education prevention using web-based she smart on knowledge, attitudes, and practice in adolescent girls

From year to year the number of cases of people with HIV/AIDS has increased. This increase is also experienced in Indonesia, where adolescents infected with HIV/AIDS show a number that tends to rise. It is characterized by a teenager's ignorance about reproductive health and knowledge of his sexual state. So many teenagers are at risk for early marriage problems, pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, and also HIV/AIDS. To look at the influence of HIV/AIDS education on the knowledge, attitudes, and Practice of Adolescent girls. Use Pre-Experiment with one group pre-test and post-test design. Sampling technique using purposive sampling and obtained the number of 47 students. The research was conducted in Senior High School 12 Makassar in September-October 2021. Data analysis using the McNemar Test. And statistical test results showed there was an influence on the use of HIV/AIDS education using web-based She Smart on knowledge where p-value = 0,000, attitude with a value of p-value = 0.000, and no significant difference in action with p-value = 0.500. There is an influence on the use of web-based HIV/AIDS education using She Smart on knowledge and attitudes but no significant influence on actions before and after an intervention.

Cytomegalovirus cell tropism and clinicopathological characteristics in gastrointestinal tract of patients with HIV/AIDS

Background Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been recognized as one of the frequently occurring opportunistic infections (OIs) reported in the patients having human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). In addition, it has been identified as the factor leading to gastrointestinal (GI) tract disorder among HIV/AIDS population. CMV exhibits broad cell tropism in different organs. This study evaluated the CMV cell tropism and clinicopathological characteristics of CMV infection in the different GI regions in HIV/AIDS cases. Methods Using nucleic acid in situ hybridization (ISH), CMV was detected in the gastrointestinal mucosal biopsy samples. The paraffin-embedded samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. Results A total of 32 HIV/AIDS patients were enrolled in this study. Fourteen of these patients underwent gastroscopy, while the remaining eighteen received colonoscopy. CMV-infected cells were observed at 46 GI sites. Among them, the colon was the region with the highest susceptibility to GI CMV infection (n = 12, 26.1%). The CMV giant cell inclusion bodies were detected in epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells, including histiocytes, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. In the duodenum, there were markedly more positive epithelial cells than mesenchymal cells (p = 0.033). In contrast, in the esophagus (p = 0.030), cardia (p = 0.003), rectum (p = 0.019), colon (p < 0.001), and cecum (p < 0.001), there were notably less positive epithelial cells than mesenchymal cells. The expression levels of PDGFRα and Nrp2 in the mesenchymal cells were higher than the epithelial cells in cardia, cecum, colon, sigmoid, and rectum, especially in the areas with ulcers. However, Nrp2 in the epithelial cells was higher than that in the duodenum. Moreover, the positive CMV DNA in peripheral blood was related to the CMV-positive cell count, as well as the ulceration in GI tract (p = 0.035 and 0.036, respectively). Conclusions The colon has been identified as the GI site with the highest susceptibility to CMV infection. There are different CMV-infected cells in the different sites of the GI that relate to the expression level of PDGFRα and Nrp2. CMV DNA positive in the blood is related to the positive CMV cell count, as well as ulceration in the GI tract.

ĐÁNH GIÁ THỰC TRẠNG KIẾN THỨC, THÁI ĐỘ VÀ HÀNH VI VỀ PHÒNG CHỐNG HIV/AIDS CỦA NGƯỜI DÂN 15-49 TUỔI TẠI TỈNH HẢI DƯƠNG NĂM 2020

Mục tiêu: Đánh giá thực trạng kiến thức, thái độ và hành vi của người dân trong độ tuổi 15-49 về phòng chống HIV/AIDS tại tỉnh Hải Dương năm 2020. Đối tượng và phương pháp: Nghiên cứu mô tả cắt ngang 408 người dân trong độ tuổi từ 15- 49 hiện có hộ khẩu thường trú và đang sinh sống trên địa bàn tỉnh Hải Dương năm 2020. Kết quả và kết luận: Đánh giá thực trạng kiến thức về HIV/AIDS: Hầu hết (85,2%) cho rằng đó là virus gây suy giảm miễn dịch ở người; Là bệnh truyền nhiễm (9,5%) và là tệ nạn xã hội (4,1%). Đánh giá thực trạng thái độ và hành vi về HIV/AIDS: Có nhiều thái độ tích cực, gồm: Đa số (50,5%): sẵn sàng chăm sóc người bệnh tại nhà và đồng ý rằng người nhiễm HIV không phải thấy xấu hổ về bản thân mình; Nên cho người nhiễm HIV còn khỏe tiếp tục làm việc tại cộng đồng (35,2%); Hầu hết (76%) cho rằng có thể mua thức ăn của người bán hàng bị nhiễm HIV và đa số (58,5%) cho rằng không nên giữ bí mật nếu có người trong gia đình bị nhiễm HIV.Một số hành vi nguy cơ có thể lây nhiễm HIV/AIDS qua quan hệ tình dục (QHTD) và kiểu QHTD không an toàn ở cộng đồng, gồm: Quan hệ với bạn tình ngoài vợ/ chồng/ người yêu (15%); Với gái mại dâm, khách làng chơi (11,8%); Quan hệ tinh dục qua miệng – bộ phận sinh dục (2,5%),…

Political rationale, aims, and outcomes of health-related high-level meetings and special sessions at the UN General Assembly: A policy research observational study

Background Recognising the substantial political weight of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), a UN General Assembly special session (UNGASS) and high-level meetings (HLMs) have been pursued and held for 5 health-related topics thus far. They have focused on human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS, 2001), non-communicable diseases (NCDs, 2011), antimicrobial resistance (AMR, 2016), tuberculosis (TB, 2018), and universal health coverage (UHC, 2019). This observational study presents a comprehensive analysis of the political and policy background that prompted the events, as well as an assessment of aims, approaches, and ultimate outcomes. Methods and findings We investigated relevant agencies’ official documents, performed a literature search, and accessed international institutions’ websites for the period 1990–2020. Knowledgeable diplomatic staff and experts provided additional information. Outcomes were evaluated from a United Nations perspective based on national and international commitments, and funding trends. Eliciting an effective governmental response through UNGASSs/HLMs is a challenge. However, increased international commitment was evident after the HIV/AIDS (2001), NCDs (2011), and AMR (2016) meetings. The more recent TB (2018) and UHC (2019) HLMs have received general endorsements internationally, although concrete commitments are not yet documented. Although attribution can only be hypothesized, financial investments for HIV/AIDS following the UNGASS were remarkable, whereas following HLMs for NCDs, AMR, and TB, the financial investments remained insufficient to face the burden of these threats. Thus far, the HIV/AIDS UNGASS was the only one followed by a level of commitment that has likely contributed to the reversal of the previous burden trend. Limitations of this study include its global perspective and aerial view that cannot discern the effects at the country level. Additionally, possible peculiarities that modified the response to the meetings were not looked at in detail. Finally, we assessed a small sample of events; thus, the list of strategic characteristics for success is not exhaustive. Conclusions Overall, UNGASSs and HLMs have the potential to lay better foundations and boldly address key health challenges. However, to succeed, they need to (i) be backed by large consensus; (ii) engage UN authorities and high-level bodies; (iii) emphasise implications for international security and the world economy; (iv) be supported by the civil society, activists, and champions; and (v) produce a political declaration containing specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) targets. Therefore, to ensure impact on health challenges, in addition to working with the World Health Assembly and health ministries, engaging the higher political level represented by the UNGA and heads of state and government is critical.

KIẾN THỨC CỦA NGƯỜI NHIỄM HIV/AIDS VỀ TRẦM CẢM TẠI 2 PHÒNG KHÁM NGOẠI TRÚ TỈNH THÁI BÌNH

Mục tiêu: Đánh giá kiến thức của người nhiễm HIV/AIDS về trầm cảm tại 2 phòng khám ngoại trú tỉnh Thái Bình năm 2019. Đối tượng nghiên cứu: bệnh nhân HIV/AIDS người lớn ≥ 18 tuổi đang điều trị ARV. Phương pháp nghiên cứu: Phương pháp mô tả thông qua cuộc điều tra cắt ngang. Kết quả nghiên cứu: Tỷ lệ đối tượng nghiên cứu đã từng được nghe ít nhất 1 lần về bệnh trầm cảm chiếm tỷ lệ khá cao (92,8%); 36,5% số đối tượng nghiên cứu biết được từ 4/6 biểu hiện của cả 2 giai đoạn khởi phát và toàn phát của bệnh; Chỉ có 31,6% người bệnh kể được 2-3 trong số 3 nhóm nguyên nhân chính; Tỷ lệ đối tượng nghiên cứu có kiến thức đạt về trầm cảm chiếm tỷ lệ 69,7%

HIV/AIDS-Related Knowledge and Attitudes Among Chinese College Students and Associated Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study

In recent years, adolescent has become one of the high-risk groups for HIV. Meanwhile, good HIV awareness and positive attitude are essential for HIV prevention. This study aims to evaluate the extent to which college students understand HIV and their attitudes toward HIV-infected patients, as well as the correlative factors. The data used in this study came from a cross-sectional survey. An anonymous online questionnaire was used to investigate the demographic characteristics, HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, and attitudes toward HIV-infected patients of 17,678 students from a university in Henan. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to analyze differences and connections between variables in SPSS version 25.0. Participants' HIV/AIDS-related knowledge awareness rate was 80.8%. Levels of students' HIV/AIDS-related knowledge correlated with their gender, nationality, marital status, and their grade (p &lt; 0.01). Female students [OR = 0.757, 95% CI (0.699–0.820)] and minority students (OR = 0.717, 95% CI (0.619–0.832)] had insufficient HIV health education knowledge. Meanwhile, male students (OR = 0.845, 95% CI (0.773–0.924)], and students with good HIV knowledge (OR unaware-ness/awareness = 2.385, 95% CI (2.111–2.694)] were more likely to hold a positive attitude toward HIV-infected patients. The relevant education departments should strengthen and promote the education of AIDS transmission and prevention. Many college students still hold negative attitude toward HIV-infected patients. The government should further make efforts to eliminate social discrimination in HIV-infected patients and lead people to approach HIV-infected patients fairly.