Unmasking Motion-Processing Activity in Human Brain Area V5/MT+ Mediated by Pathways That Bypass Primary Visual Cortex

NeuroImage ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 769-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Schoenfeld ◽  
H-J. Heinze ◽  
M.G. Woldorff
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
Processing Activity

scholarly journals The Mystery of Louis Verrey (1854-1916)

Gesnerus ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 96-112
Author(s):  
Semir Zeki
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Cortical Area ◽  
Functional Specialization ◽  
Colour Centre ◽  
Monkey Brain ◽  
Experimental Discovery ◽  
Separate Area

In 1888, Louis Verrey, a Swiss ophthalmologist, stated emphatically that there is a "centre for the chromatic sense" in the human brain and that it is located in the lingual and fusiform gyri. He did not, however, consider the “colour centre” to be a separate area but a large sub-division of the primary visual cortex. His evidence was quickly dismissed and forgotten. It was not to be taken seriously again until after the experimental discovery of functional specialization in the monkey brain. This paper considers why it is that Verrey did not consider the “colour centre” to be a separate cortical area, distinct from the primary visual cortex, why his evidence was so quickly and effectively dismissed, and why it is that Verrey did not pursue the logic of his findings.

Primary visual cortex activation during visual imagery in human brain: A fMRI mapping study

NeuroImage ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. S204 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Chen ◽  
T. Kato ◽  
X.-H. Zhu ◽  
S. Ogawa ◽  
K. Ugurbil
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Mapping Study

scholarly journals Projections of the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arbora Resulaj
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
And Function ◽  
To Receive

Lesion or damage to the primary visual cortex (V1) results in a profound loss of visual perception in humans. Similarly, in mice, optogenetic silencing of V1 profoundly impairs discrimination of orientated gratings. V1 is thought to have such a critical role in perception in part due to its position in the visual processing hierarchy. It is the first brain area in the neocortex to receive visual input, and it distributes this information to more than 18 brain areas. Here I review recent advances in our understanding of the organization and function of the V1 projections in the mouse. This progress is in part due to new anatomical and viral techniques that allow for efficient labeling of projection neurons. In the final part of the review, I conclude by highlighting challenges and opportunities for future research.

The Rotating Tilted Lines Illusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Gori
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Stimulus Pattern ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
White Background ◽  
Radial Expansion ◽  
Circular Pattern ◽  
Counterclockwise Direction ◽  
The Right ◽  
Rotatory Motion

This chapter describes the Rotating-Tilted-Lines illusion , which is a new motion illusion that arises in a circular pattern composed by black, radial lines tilted to the right and presented on a white background. When one approaches the stimulus pattern, the radial lines appear to rotate in the counterclockwise direction, whereas when one recedes from it, they appear to rotate clockwise. It is the simplest pattern able to elicit illusory rotatory motion in presence of physical radial expansion. This surprising misperception of motion seems to be a result of the competition between two motion processing units in the primary visual cortex (V1, V5)

scholarly journals Scaling of information in large neural populations reveals signatures of information-limiting correlations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
MohammadMehdi Kafashan ◽  
Anna Jaffe ◽  
Selmaan N. Chettih ◽  
Ramon Nogueira ◽  
Iñigo Arandia-Romero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Correlated Noise ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Total Information ◽  
Neural Populations ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulus Direction

AbstractHow is information distributed across large neuronal populations within a given brain area? One possibility is that information is distributed roughly evenly across neurons, so that total information scales linearly with the number of recorded neurons. Alternatively, the neural code might be highly redundant, meaning that total information saturates. Here we investigated how information about the direction of a moving visual stimulus is distributed across hundreds of simultaneously recorded neurons in mouse primary visual cortex (V1). We found that information scales sublinearly, due to the presence of correlated noise in these populations. Using recent theoretical advances, we compartmentalized noise correlations into information-limiting and nonlimiting components, and then extrapolated to predict how information grows when neural populations are even larger. We predict that tens of thousands of neurons are required to encode 95% of the information about visual stimulus direction, a number much smaller than the number of neurons in V1. Overall, these findings suggest that the brain uses a widely distributed, but nonetheless redundant code that supports recovering most information from smaller subpopulations.

Complex motion selectivity in PMLS cortex following early lesions of primary visual cortex in the cat

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.G. OUELLETTE ◽  
K. MINVILLE ◽  
D. BOIRE ◽  
M. PTITO ◽  
C. CASANOVA
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Neuronal Response ◽  
Temporal Frequency ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Direction Selectivity ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
Complex Motion ◽  
Visual Motion Cues

In the cat, the analysis of visual motion cues has generally been attributed to the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian cortex (PMLS) (Toyama et al., 1985; Rauschecker et al., 1987; Rauschecker, 1988; Kim et al., 1997). The responses of neurons in this area are not critically dependent on inputs from the primary visual cortex (VC), as lesions of VC leave neuronal response properties in PMLS relatively unchanged (Spear & Baumann, 1979; Spear, 1988; Guido et al., 1990b). However, previous studies have used a limited range of visual stimuli. In this study, we assessed whether neurons in PMLS cortex remained direction-selective to complex motion stimuli following a lesion of VC, particularly to complex random dot kinematograms (RDKs). Unilateral aspiration of VC was performed on post-natal days 7–9. Single unit extracellular recordings were performed one year later in the ipsilateral PMLS cortex. As in previous studies, a reduction in the percentage of direction selective neurons was observed with drifting sinewave gratings. We report a previously unobserved phenomenon with sinewave gratings, in which there is a greater modulation of firing rate at the temporal frequency of the stimulus in animals with a lesion of VC, suggesting an increased segregation of ON and OFF sub-regions. A significant portion of neurons in PMLS cortex were direction selective to simple (16/18) and complex (11/16) RDKs. However, the strength of direction selectivity to both stimuli was reduced as compared to normals. The data suggest that complex motion processing is still present, albeit reduced, in PMLS cortex despite the removal of VC input. The complex RDK motion selectivity is consistent with both geniculo-cortical and extra-geniculate thalamo-cortical pathways in residual direction encoding.

scholarly journals Hierarchical stimulus processing in rodent primary and lateral visual cortex as assessed through neuronal selectivity and repetition suppression

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 926-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dzmitry A. Kaliukhovich ◽  
Hans Op de Beeck
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Neuronal Response ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Visual Stream ◽  
Hierarchical Processing ◽  
Repetition Suppression ◽  
Ventral Visual Stream ◽  
Long Evans

Similar to primates, visual cortex in rodents appears to be organized in two distinct hierarchical streams. However, there is still little known about how visual information is processed along those streams in rodents. In this study, we examined how repetition suppression and position and clutter tolerance of the neuronal representations evolve along the putative ventral visual stream in rats. To address this question, we recorded multiunit spiking activity in primary visual cortex (V1) and the more downstream visual laterointermediate (LI) area of head-restrained Long-Evans rats. We employed a paradigm reminiscent of the continuous carry-over design used in human neuroimaging. In both areas, stimulus repetition attenuated the early phase of the neuronal response to the repeated stimulus, with this response suppression being greater in area LI. Furthermore, stimulus preferences were more similar across positions (position tolerance) in area LI than in V1, even though the absolute responses in both areas were very sensitive to changes in position. In contrast, the neuronal representations in both areas were equally good at tolerating the presence of limited visual clutter, as modeled by the presentation of a single flank stimulus. When probing tolerance of the neuronal representations with stimulus-specific adaptation, we detected no position tolerance in either examined brain area, whereas, on the contrary, we revealed clutter tolerance in both areas. Overall, our data demonstrate similarities and discrepancies in processing of visual information along the ventral visual stream of rodents and primates. Moreover, our results stress caution in using neuronal adaptation to probe tolerance of the neuronal representations. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Rodents are emerging as a popular animal model that complement primates for studying higher level visual functions. Similar to findings in primates, we demonstrate a greater repetition suppression and position tolerance of the neuronal representations in the downstream laterointermediate area of Long-Evans rats compared with primary visual cortex. However, we report no difference in the degree of clutter tolerance between the areas. These findings provide additional evidence for hierarchical processing of visual stimuli in rodents.

scholarly journals Blindsight.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Danckert ◽  
Christopher Lee Striemer ◽  
Yves Rossetti
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Spatial Localization ◽  
Visual Pathways ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
Functional Characteristics ◽  
The Brain

For over a century research has demonstrated that damage to primary visual cortex does not eliminate all capacity for visual processing in the brain. From Riddoch’s (1917) early demonstration of intact motion processing for blind field stimuli, to the iconic work of Weiskrantz and colleagues (1974) showing reliable spatial localization, it is clear that secondary visual pathways that bypass V1 carry information to the visual brain that in turn influences behavior. In this chapter we briefly outline the history and phenomena associated with blindsight, before discussing the nature of the secondary visual pathways that support residual visual processing in the absence of V1. We finish with some speculation as to the functional characteristics of these secondary pathways.

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